1887

Abstract

Phytoplasmas classified in group 16SrXII infect a wide range of plants and are transmitted by polyphagous planthoppers of the family Cixiidae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identity and biological properties, group 16SrXII encompasses several species, including ‘ ’, ‘ ’ and ‘ ’. Other group 16SrXII phytoplasma strains are associated with stolbur disease in wild and cultivated herbaceous and woody plants and with bois noir disease in grapevines ( L.). Such latter strains have been informally proposed to represent a separate species, ‘ Phytoplasma solani’, but a formal description of this taxon has not previously been published. In the present work, stolbur disease strain STOL11 (STOL) was distinguished from reference strains of previously described species of the ‘ ’ genus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and a unique signature sequence in the 16S rRNA gene. Other stolbur- and bois noir-associated (‘ Phytoplasma solani’) strains shared >99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strain STOL11 and contained the signature sequence. ‘ Phytoplasma solani’ is the only phytoplasma known to be transmitted by . Insect vectorship and molecular characteristics are consistent with the concept that diverse ‘ Phytoplasma solani’ strains share common properties and represent an ecologically distinct gene pool. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, , and gene sequences supported this view and yielded congruent trees in which ‘ Phytoplasma solani’ strains formed, within the group 16SrXII clade, a monophyletic subclade that was most closely related to, but distinct from, that of ‘ ’-related strains. Based on distinct molecular and biological properties, stolbur- and bois noir-associated strains are proposed to represent a novel species level taxon, ‘ Phytoplasma solani’; STOL11 is designated the reference strain.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0
2013-08-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/63/8/2879.html?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Andersen M. T., Longmore J., Liefting L. W., Wood G. A., Sutherland P. W., Beck D. L., Forster R. L. S. ( 1998 ). Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma is associated with strawberry lethal yellows disease in New Zealand. . Plant Disease 82, 606609. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Arocha Y., López M., Piñol B., Fernández M., Picornell B., Almeida R., Palenzuela I., Wilson M. R., Jones P. ( 2005 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma graminis’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma caricae’, two novel phytoplasmas associated with diseases of sugarcane, weeds and papaya in Cuba. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 24512463. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Batlle A., Altabella N., Sabate J., Lavina A. ( 2008 ). Study of the transmission of stolbur phytoplasma to different crop species, by Macrosteles quadripunctulatus . . Ann Appl Biol 152, 235242. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Belli G., Bianco P. A., Conti M. ( 2010 ). Grapevine yellows in Italy: past, present and future. . J Plant Pathol 92, 303326.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Berger J., Dalla Via J., Baric S. ( 2009 ). Development of a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for the distinction of two major subtypes of the grapevine yellows phytoplasma Bois noir. . Eur J Plant Pathol 124, 521526. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brcak J. ( 1979 ). Leafhopper and planthopper vectors of plant disease agents in central and southern Europe. . In Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents, pp. 97146. Edited by Maramorosch K., Harris K. F. . London:: Academic Press;.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Choueiri E., Jreijiri F., El-Zammar S., Verdin E., Salar P., Danet J. L., Bove J., Garnier M. ( 2002 ). First report of grapevine “bois noir” disease and a new phytoplasma infecting solanaceous plants in Lebanon. . Plant Disease 86, 697. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cimerman A., Pacifico D., Salar P., Marzachì C., Foissac X. ( 2009 ). Striking diversity of vmp1, a variable gene encoding a putative membrane protein of the stolbur phytoplasma. . Appl Environ Microbiol 75, 29512957. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Davis R. E., Dally E. L. ( 2001 ). Revised subgroup classification of group 16SrV phytoplasmas and placement of Flavescence dorée-associated phytoplasmas in two distinct subgroups. . Plant Disease 85, 790797. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Davis R. E., Dally E. L., Gundersen D. E., Lee I.-M., Habili N. ( 1997 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Australian grapevine yellows. . Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 262269. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Davis R. E., Jomantiene R., Zhao Y., Dally E. L. ( 2003 ). Folate biosynthesis pseudogenes, PsifolP and PsifolK, and an O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase gene homolog in the phytoplasma genome. . DNA Cell Biol 22, 697706. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Davis R. I., Jones P., Holman T. J., Halsey K., Amice R., Tupouniua S. K. M., Seth M. ( 2006 ). Phytoplasma disease surveys in Tonga, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. . Australas Plant Pathol 35, 335340. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Davis R. E., Zhao Y., Dally E., Lee I.-M., Jomantiene R., Douglas S. M. ( 2013 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, a novel taxon associated with X-disease of stone fruits, Prunus spp.: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes. . Int J Syst Bacteriol 63, 766776. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Duduk B., Bertaccini A. ( 2006 ). Corn with symptoms of reddening: new host of stolbur phytoplasma. . Plant Disease 90, 13131319. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Duduk B., Tian J., Contaldo N., Fan X., Paltrinieri S., Chen Q., Zhao Q., Bertaccini A. ( 2010 ). Occurrence of phytoplasmas related to stolbur and to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum’ in woody host plants in China. . J Phytopathol 158, 100104. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Eroglu S., Ozbek H., Sahin F. ( 2010 ). First report of group 16SrXII phytoplasma causing stolbur disease in potato plants in the eastern and southern Anatolia regions of Turkey. . Plant Disease 94, 1374. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Fránová J., Navratil M., Jakesova H. ( 2009 ). Molecular identification of stolbur phytoplasma associated with red clover dwarf disease symptoms. . J Phytopathol 157, 502506. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gasteiger E., Gattiker A., Hoogland C., Ivanyi I., Appel R. D., Bairoch A. ( 2003 ). ExPASy: The proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis. . Nucleic Acids Res 31, 37843788. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Gatineau F., Larrue J., Clair D., Lorton F., Richard-Molard M., Boudon-Padieu E. ( 2001 ). A new natural planthopper vector of stolbur phytoplasma in the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae). . Eur J Plant Pathol 107, 263271. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gera A., Mawassi M., Zeidan M., Spiegel S., Bar-Joseph M. ( 2005 ). An isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' group associated with Nivun Haamir dieback disease of papaya in Israel. . Plant Pathol 54, 560. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Girsova N., Bottner K. D., Mozhaeva K. A., Kastalyeva T. B., Owens R. A., Lee I.-M. ( 2008 ). Molecular detection and identification of group 16SrI and 16SrXII phytoplasmas associated with diseased potatoes in Russia. . Plant Disease 92, 654. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Gundersen D. E., Lee I.-M. ( 1996 ). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. . Phytopathol Mediterr 35, 144151.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hosseini P., Bahar M., Madani G., Zirak L. ( 2011 ). Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with potato purple top disease in Iran. . J Phytopathol 159, 241246. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Iriti M., Quaglino F., Maffi D., Casati P., Bianco P. A., Faoro F. ( 2008 ). Solanum malacoxylon, a new natural host of Stolbur phytoplasma. . J Phytopathol 156, 814.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group ( 2004 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 12431255. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jones P., Arocha Y., Antesana O., Montilliano E., Franco P. ( 2005 ). First report of an isolate of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ associated with a yellow leaf roll disease of peach (Prunus persicae) in Bolivia. . Plant Pathol 54, 558. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Jović J., Cvrković T., Mitrović M., Krnjajić S., Redinbaugh M. G., Pratt R. C., Gingery R. E., Hogenhout S. A., Toševski I. ( 2007 ). Roles of stolbur phytoplasma and Reptalus panzeri (Cixiinae, Auchenorrhyncha) in the epidemiology of Maize redness in Serbia. . Eur J Plant Pathol 118, 8589. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kakizawa S., Oshima K., Nishigawa H., Jung H.-Y., Wei W., Suzuki S., Tanaka M., Miyata S., Ugaki M., Namba S. ( 2004 ). Secretion of immunodominant membrane protein from onion yellows phytoplasma through the Sec protein-translocation system in Escherichia coli . . Microbiology 150, 135142. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Karimi M., Contaldo N., Mahmoudi B., Duduk B., Bertaccini A. ( 2009 ). Identification of stolbur-related phytoplasmas in grapevine showing decline symptoms in Iran. . Le Progrès agricole et viticole, Hors Série, Extended abstract of the 16th Meeting ICVG, Dijion, France, 31 August–4 September, pp. 208209.
  30. Kumar S., Nei M., Dudley J., Tamura K. ( 2008 ). mega: a biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. . Brief Bioinform 9, 299306. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Langer M., Maixner M. ( 2004 ). Molecular characterisation of Grapevine yellows associated phytoplasmas of the stolbur group based on RFLP-analysis of non-ribosomal DNA. . Vitis 43, 191200.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Lee I.-M., Davis R. E., Gundersen-Rindal D. E. ( 2000 ). Phytoplasma: phytopathogenic mollicutes. . Annu Rev Microbiol 54, 221255. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee I.-M., Martini M., Marcone C., Zhu S. F. ( 2004 ). Classification of phytoplasma strains in the elm yellows group (16SrV) and proposal of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ for the phytoplasma associated with elm yellows. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 337347. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lee I.-M., Bottner K. D., Secor G., Rivera-Varas V. ( 2006 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma americanum’, a phytoplasma associated with a potato purple top wilt disease complex. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 15931597. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Lee I.-M., Bottner-Parker K. D., Zhao Y., Davis R. E., Harrison N. A. ( 2010 ). Phylogenetic analysis and delineation of phytoplasmas based on secY gene sequences. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60, 28872897. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Liefting L. W., Beever R. E., Winks C. J., Pearson M. N., Forster R. L. S. ( 1997 ). Planthopper transmission of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma. . Australas Plant Pathol 26, 148154. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Liefting L. W., Veerakone S., Ward L. I., Clover G. R. G. ( 2009 ). First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ in potato. . Plant Disease 93, 969. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Maixner M. ( 1994 ). Transmission of German grapevine yellows (Vergilbungskrankheit) by the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae). . Vitis 33, 103104.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Malembic-Maher S., Salar P., Filippin L., Carle P., Angelini E., Foissac X. ( 2011 ). Genetic diversity of European phytoplasmas of the 16SrV taxonomic group and proposal of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma rubi’. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61, 21292134. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Marcone C., Ragozzino A., Seemüller E. ( 1997 ). Detection and identification of phytoplasmas infecting vegetable, ornamental and forage crops in southern Italy. . J Plant Pathol 79, 211217.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Martini M., Lee I.-M., Bottner K. D., Zhao Y., Botti S., Bertaccini A., Harrison N. A., Carraro L., Marcone C. & other authors ( 2007 ). Ribosomal protein gene-based phylogeny for finer differentiation and classification of phytoplasmas. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 20372051. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Martini M., Marcone C., Mitrović J., Maixner M., Delić D., Myrta A., Ermacora P., Bertaccini A., Duduk B. ( 2012 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma convolvuli’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with bindweed yellows in four European countries. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62, 29102915. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Mertelik J., Kloudova K., Vanc P., Mokra V., Sediva J., Navratil M., Valova P. ( 2004 ). First detection of phytoplasmas in rhododendron in the Czech Republic. . Plant Disease 88, 906. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Minucci C., Boccardo G. ( 1997 ). Genetic diversity in the stolbur phytoplasma group. . Phytopathol Mediterr 36, 4549.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Oshima K., Kakizawa S., Nishigawa H., Jung H. Y., Wei W., Suzuki S., Arashida R., Nakata D., Miyata S. & other authors ( 2004 ). Reductive evolution suggested from the complete genome sequence of a plant-pathogenic phytoplasma. . Nat Genet 36, 2729. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Padovan A. C., Gibb K. S., Bertaccini A., Vibio M., Bonfiglioli R. E., Magarey P. A., Sears B. B. ( 1995 ). Molecular detection of the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma and comparison with grapevine yellows phytoplasmas from Italy. . Aust J Grape Wine Res 1, 2531. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Padovan A., Gibb K., Persley D. ( 2000 ). Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ with green petal and lethal yellows diseases in strawberry. . Plant Pathol 49, 362369. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Quaglino F., Zhao Y., Bianco P. A., Wei W., Casati P., Durante G., Davis R. E. ( 2009 ). New 16Sr subgroups and distinct single nucleotide polymorphism lineages among grapevine Bois noir phytoplasma populations. . Ann Appl Biol 154, 279289. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Radonjić S., Hrnčić S., Jović J., Cvrković T., Krstić O., Krnjajić S., Toševski I. ( 2009 ). Occurrence and distribution of grapevine yellows caused by Stolbur phytoplasma in Montenegro. . J Phytopathol 157, 682685. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Riedle-Bauer M., Sara A., Regner F. ( 2008 ). Transmission of a Stolbur phytoplasma by the Agalliinae leafhopper Anaceratagallia ribauti (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). . J Phytopathol 156, 687690. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Sawayanagi T., Horikoshi N., Kanehira T., Shinohara M., Bertaccini A., Cousin M. T., Hiruki C., Namba S. ( 1999 ). Candidatus phytoplasma japonicum’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Japanese Hydrangea phyllody. . Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 12751285. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Seemüller E., Schneider B. ( 2004 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively. . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 12171226. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Seemüller E., Schneider B., Mäurer R., Ahrens U., Daire X., Kison H., Lorenz K. H., Firrao G., Avinent L. & other authors ( 1994 ). Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. . Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 440446. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Šeruga M., Ćurkovic Perica M., Škorić D., Kozina B., Mirošević N., Šarić A., Bertaccini A., Krajačić M. ( 2000 ). Geographic distribution of Bois Noir phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Croatia. . J Phytopathol 148, 239242. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Streten C., Gibb K. S. ( 2005 ). Genetic variation in Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense. . Plant Pathol 54, 814. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Suzuki S., Oshima K., Kakizawa S., Arashida R., Jung H.-Y., Yamaji Y., Nishigawa H., Ugaki M., Namba S. ( 2006 ). Interaction between the membrane protein of a pathogen and insect microfilament complex determines insect-vector specificity. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 42524257. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Terlizzi F., Babini A. R., Credi R. ( 2006 ). First report of stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A) on strawberry in northern Italy. . Plant Disease 90, 831. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Torres E., Botti E., Rahola J., Martin M. P., Bertaccini A. ( 2005 ). Grapevine yellows diseases in Spain: eight year survey of disease spread and molecular characterization of phytoplasmas involved. . An Jard Bot Madr 62, 127133. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Valiunas D., Staniulis J., Davis R. E. ( 2006 ). Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae’, a novel phytoplasma taxon discovered in yellows diseased strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa . . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 277281. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Weisburg W. G., Tully J. G., Rose D. L., Petzel J. P., Oyaizu H., Yang D., Mandelco L., Sechrest J., Lawrence T. G. & other authors ( 1989 ). A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. . J Bacteriol 171, 64556467.[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  61. White D. T., Blackall L. L., Scott P. T., Walsh K. B. ( 1998 ). Phylogenetic positions of phytoplasmas associated with dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic diseases of papaya, and their proposed inclusion in ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ and a new taxon, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia’. . Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 941951. [View Article] [PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Zirak L., Bahar M., Ahoonmanesh A. ( 2009 ). Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas related to peanut witches broom and stolbur groups infecting plum in Iran. . J Plant Pathol 91, 713716.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Zirak L., Bahar M., Ahoonmanesh A. ( 2010 ). Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with peach diseases in Iran. . J Phytopathol 158, 105110. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Zwolinska A., Krawczyk K., Pospieszny H. ( 2012 ). Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. . J Phytopathol 160, 317323. [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0
Loading
/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material 1

PDF
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error