1887

Abstract

Greening disease of citrus in South Africa is associated with ‘ Liberibacter africanus’ (Laf), a phloem-limited bacterium vectored by the sap-sucking insect (Triozidae). Despite the implementation of control strategies, this disease remains problematic, suggesting the existence of reservoir hosts to Laf. The current study aimed to identify such hosts. Samples from 234 trees of , 289 trees of and 231 trees of were collected throughout the natural distribution of these trees in South Africa. Total DNA was extracted from samples and tested for the presence of liberibacters by a generic Liberibacter TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Liberibacters present in positive samples were characterized by amplifying and sequencing , and 16S rRNA gene regions. The identity of tree host species from which liberibacter sequences were obtained was verified by sequencing host genes. Of the trees tested, 33 specimens of , 17 specimens of and 10 specimens of tested positive for liberibacter. None of the samples contained typical citrus-infecting Laf sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the liberibacters obtained from and had 16S rRNA gene sequences identical to that of ‘ Liberibacter africanus subsp. capensis’ (LafC), whereas those from species grouped separately. Phylogenetic analysis of the and gene regions revealed unique clusters for liberibacters associated with each tree species. We propose the following names for these novel liberibacters: ‘ Liberibacter africanus subsp. clausenae’ (LafCl), ‘ Liberibacter africanus subsp. vepridis’ (LafV) and ‘ Liberibacter africanus subsp. zanthoxyli’ (LafZ). This study did not find any natural hosts of Laf associated with greening of citrus. While native citrus relatives were shown to be infected with Laf-related liberibacters, nucleotide sequence data suggest that these are not alternative sources of Laf to citrus orchards, per se.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Citrus Research International (CRI)
  • National Research Foundation (NRF)
  • Department of Science and Technology (DST)/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHB)
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2015-02-01
2024-03-28
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