- Volume 26, Issue 2, 1976
Volume 26, Issue 2, 1976
- Announcement
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- Book Reviews
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Flagellar Antigens of Various Species of the Genus Vibrio and Related Genera
More LessThe antigenicity of purified flagellin prepared from the single polar flagellum of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found to be common to that of all strains tested, i.e., V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. anguillarum, V. piscium, V. ichthyodermis, Beneckea natriegens, B. campbellii, B. nereida, B. pelagia, and B. neptuna. On the other hand, the antigenicity of purified flagellin prepared from the lateral flagella of V. parahaemolyticus was common to that of V. alginolyticus but not to that of B. campbellii or B. neptuna. Some physicochemical properties of flagellin from the single polar flagellum of V. parahaemolyticus were found to be similar to those of flagellins from other strains, such as those of V. anguillarum and B. neptuna.
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Brochothrix, a New Genus Tentatively Placed in the Family Lactobacillaceae
More LessMicrobacterium thermosphactum McLean and Sulzbacher differs to such an extent from the type species of Microbacterium, M. lacticum Orla-Jensen, that it cannot be retained in this genus. Recent studies have shown that M. thermosphactum strains form a distinct taxon worthy of genus status. A new genus, Brochothrix, is established for the species B. thermosphacta (McLean and Sulzbacher) comb. nov. This genus is tentatively placed in the family Lactobacillaceae. B. thermosphacta is the type species of the genus, and ATCC 11509 is designated to be the type strain of B. thermosphacta.
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Evaluation of Criteria Used in the ISP Cooperative Description of Type Strains of Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium Species
I. M. SZABÓ and M. MARTONAn analysis of the descriptions of the type or neotype strains of 457 named Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium species published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology revealed that the International Streptomyces Project methods for reporting spore mass color, reverse color, and sporechain morphology need improvement. A new system of groups for the separation of strains according to their substrate mycelium color and easily determined morphological sections for preparing dichotomous keys for identification purposes are proposed.
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In Vitro Properties of Mycobacterium lepraemurium Strain Keishicho
More LessThe morphologic, biochemical, and drug susceptibility characteristics of the Keishicho strain, supposedly a strain of Mycobacterium lepraemurium, are compared with these same characteristics of representative strains of other slow-growing mycobacterial species. The Keishicho strain is quite distinct from all other mycobacteria. Special media and very large inocula are needed for in vitro growth; growth is exceedingly slow. The inter-taxon similarity coefficients were low; the highest, only 63%, was to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Hybridization Between the Deoxyribonucleic Acids of Some Strains of Heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria
More LessThe degree of hybridization between the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of some different species of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria was estimated. The DNAs from each of 25 strains comprising 12 species were hybridized with labeled DNAs from the type or reference strains of five species. The results suggest a very close relationship between Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc dextranicum, and Leuconostoc cremoris, whereas Leuconostoc oenos was found to be unrelated to other species of the genus. The results also indicate that Lactobacillus confusus and Lactobacillus viridescens are more allied to the leuconostocs than to other lactobacilli.
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Serological Study of Cellulomonas
More LessCell wall antigens from each of six Cellulomonas species and two soil isolates were prepared. Cross-reactions were set up with antisera obtained through inoculation of New Zealand white rabbits. The percentage of cross-reaction ranged from 12 to 93. The known cellulomonads clustered in a range of 68 to 93% with one exception: C. uda with C. subalbus at 43%. The soil isolates demonstrated a much lower affinity and thus were hot considered cellulomonads. The cellulomonads, although similar to each other, demonstrated enough diversification to question their reduction to a single species.
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Survey of Oxidase-Positive and -Negative Bacteria Using a Quantitative Kovacs Oxidase Test
More LessA manometric assay system employing ascorbate and N,N,N',N'-tetra-methyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) was used to quantitate terminal oxidase activity in bacterial non-proliferating whole cells. A wide variety of physiologically diverse bacteria, all of which were grown heterotrophically, was tested by this assay. For this survey study, 79 bacterial strains, which represented 34 genera, were used. Turbidimetrically standardized resting (non-proliferating) cell suspensions were prepared from cells harvested at the late logarithmic growth phase; all cells were grown under identical nutritional conditions. The TMPD oxidase activity obtained quantitatively correlated exceptionally well with results of the standard Kovacs oxidase test. In fact, the increased sensitivity of this quantitative assay allowed for further reclassification within the two major divisions of Kovacs oxidase-positive and -negative groups. Groups I and II contained all of the oxidase-positive microorganisms and the bacteria listed in group I had the highest TMPD oxidase rates, the Qo2 values (microliters of O2 consumed per hour per milligram [dry weight] at 30 C) ranging from 393 to 2, 164. The organisms listed in group II still had moderately high TMPD oxidase activity, the Qo2 values ranging from 27 to 280. All oxidase-negative bacteria fell into groups III and IV. Bacteria in group III had low but still measurable TMPD oxidase rates, the Qo2 values ranging from 3 to 33, whereas the bacteria found in group IV were inert and unable to oxidize TMPD. A grouping analysis allowed for the resolution of that point which separates oxidase-positive from oxidase-negative bacteria. This point, for non-proliferating cells, was found to be an absolute TMPD oxidation Qo2 value of 33 (after correcting for the endogenous rate by subtraction) and a Qo2 (TMPD/endogenous) ratio of 5; the latter parameter indicated that the uncorrected TMPD oxidation Qo2 value had to be five times greater than the rate for endogenous respiration. All Kovacs oxidase-positive organisms were found to have TMPD oxidase Qo2 values greater than these two metabolic parameters, whereas all Kovacs oxidase-negative organisms had lower values.
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Additional Serotypes of Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium xenopi Determined by Agglutination
More LessAgglutination serotypes were investigated by testing mycobacterial cultures from various sources with a large battery of antisera raised in rabbits. Absorption of agglutinins was performed when necessary to clarify serological relationships. Types in addition to those already described were recognized as follows: Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, serotype Cole; Mycobacterium gordonae, seven serotypes (34 strains isolated from various water sources were serotype Marshall); Mycobacterium marinum types 1 and 2; and Mycobacterium xenopi. It is proposed that these types be numbered, respectively, as follows: Mycobacterium avium complex, serotype 44; M. gordonae, serotypes 1 to 7 (Kowal, Marshall, Szent, Puntal, Moore, Lanton, and Brown, respectively); M. marinum, serotypes 1 and 2; and M. xenopi. The strains of M. xenopi included in this study could not be separated into different types by the techniques utilized.
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Pectinolytic, Indole-Positive Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae
More LessThe digestion of polypectate by each of the 11 indole-positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae studied is reported. The possible significance of pectinolytic activity for the identification of indole-positive strains of K. pneumoniae, the so-called “Oxytocum” group, is discussed.
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Phenotypic Description, Numerical Analysis, and Proposal for an Improved Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Genus Zymomonas Kluyver and van Niel 1936
More LessOne hundred thirty-eight phenotypic features were determined in 38 Zymomonas strains from diverse origin (Zairese fermenting palm saps, Mexican pulque, British spoiled beer, and sick cider). The similarity between all the strains was very high: 27 features were present, and 74 features were absent in all of them; 37 features were variable. By numerical analysis all strains formed one cluster above the simple matching coefficient of 0.88. There were no significant differences between motile and nonmotile strains or between sucrose-fermenting and non-sucrose-fermenting strains. A strain from sick cider in Bristol, United Kingdom, was a border case in its phenotypic features, deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness, and protein electropherograms. We propose: (i) to discontinue the use of the species name of Zymomonas anaerobia and its subspecies Z. anaerobia subsp. anaerobia and Z. anaerobia subsp. immobilis, and to include all of the strains in this species in Zymomonas mobilis; (ii) to consider Zymomonas congolensis as a nomen nudum and as a synonym of Z. mobilis. We concluded the following from our data: That Z. mobilis is the only species in the genus Zymomonas so far; that all the strains of our Zymomonas collection except one belong in Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis, the type strain of which is ATCC 10988; and that the cider sickness organisms belong in Z. mobilis subsp. pomaceae (Millis) comb. nov., with type strain T. H. Delft (= strain I [Barker] = ATCC 29192).
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Taxonomy of Some Recently Described Species in the Family Enterobacteriaceae
More LessThe taxonomic positions of several recently described species, Levinea malonatica, Levinea amalonatica, Citrobacter diversus, and Enterobacter agglomerans, were investigated by numerical analysis. A set of 141 strains, for which a total of 240 characters was recorded, was analyzed and also compared with representatives of a set of 384 strains of bacteria, examined in an earlier study, representing genera within the family Enterobacteriaceae. Three clusters of Citrobacter spp. were observed, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter spp., and Levinea amalonatica, with strains received as Citrobacter diversus and Levinea malonatica clustering with the Citrobacter spp. Citrobacter intermedius was concluded to be synonymous with C. freundii. L. malonatica, from the results of this study, was included in the species C. diversus. Hydrogen sulfide-positive strains of Escherichia coli were not judged to warrant separate species status. Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella edwardsii were found to be highly related (similarity values > 90%). It is proposed that these species be merged into a single species, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization and by Biochemical Reactions
More LessStrains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were characterized by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization, and the extent of DNA relatedness between the strains was assessed by hydroxyapatite chromatography. DNAs from 24 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis were highly related, but Y. pseudotuberculosis was only 40 to 60% related to Y. enterocolitica. Y. enterocolitica strains formed three DNA relatedness groups, and the data strongly suggest a fourth relatedness group. Each relatedness group can be defined biochemically. One DNA relatedness group corresponds to typical Y. enterocolitica; the second is rhamnose positive; the third is rhamnose positive, melibiose positive, a-methyl glucoside positive, and raffinose positive. The suggested fourth hybridization group is sucrose negative. Although all of these DNA relatedness groups should remain in the genus Yersinia, only the first group is Y. enterocolitica. All of the yersiniae tested are distantly, but significantly, related to other members of Enterobacteriaceae. Yersiniae were more related to members of Enterobacteriaceae than to Pasteurella multocida.
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Taxonomic Study of Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore and of Related Organisms: Proposal of Clostridium clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov. and Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens) comb. nov.
More LessNinety-three strains of Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore, B. biacutus (Weinberg and Prévot) Holdeman and Moore, Fusobacterium symbiosum (Stevens) Moore and Holdeman, and related organisms, of which 75 were freshly isolated from the fecal material of humans, were studied systematically. They were differentiated into two genera, Clostridium and Bacteroides. We propose that, of the sporeforming strains, those having a guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content of about 49% to be considered C. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov., for which ATCC 25537 is designated as the neotype strain; those having a G+C content of about 56% be considered a new species in the genus Clostridium; and those having a G+C content of about 46% and producing butyric acid as a major product be considered C. symbiosum (Stevens) comb. nov., for which ATCC 14940 is designated as the neotype strain. Of the nonsporeforming strains, we propose that those having a G+C content of about 53% be considered a new species in the genus Bacteroides.
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Transfer of Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore and Bacteroides clostridiiformis subsp. girans (Prévot) Holdeman and Moore to the Genus Clostridium as Clostridium clostridiiforme (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov.: Emendation of Description and Designation of Neotype Strain
More LessTwenty-five strains of bacteria with characteristics that conform to those given in the original and subsequent descriptions of the organism currently known as Bacteroides clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore have been found to produce heat-resistant spores, which are often difficult to detect. Motility, also difficult to demonstrate in these strains, was found to be a variable characteristic within strains. We propose that B. clostridiiformis subsp. clostridiiformis (Burri and Ankersmit) Holdeman and Moore and B. clostridiiformis subsp. girans (Prévot) Holdeman and Moore be transferred to Clostridium as Clostridium clostridiiforme (Burri and Ankersmit) comb. nov. Prévot's strain 171 I (= ATCC 29084 = VPI 3303), placed by Prévot in Ristella clostridiiformis, is designated as the neotype strain. Previously undescribed characteristics of this species are presented.
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Mycoplasma canadense, a New Bovine Species
More LessThree mycoplasmas isolated from the male bovine genital tract and a mastitic udder exhibited serological properties which distinguished them from any of the known Mycoplasma species. Further, a variety of serological procedures failed to identify these organisms with any of the wide range of members of the order Mycoplasmatales tested. These strains are described as belonging to a new species, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma canadense. Strain 275C, designated as the type strain, has been deposited in the National Collection of Type Cultures, Great Britain, under the number 10152.
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Thermomicrobium fosteri sp. nov., a Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Obligate Thermophile 1
More LessA hydrocarbon-utilizing, obligately thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a littoral area of North Carolina, and it is herein described and named as a new species. The microorganism, designated strain PTA-1, is a gram-negative, non-sporeforming, nonmotile, pleomorphic rod that can utilize various long-chain n-alkanes, 1-alkenes, primary alcohols, or ketones as substrates for growth. It will not grow on nutrient broth or Trypticase soy broth. The organism is an obligate aerobe which grows most rapidly at 60 C with a generation time of 4.0 to 4.5 h at an optimum pH of 7.2 to 7.5 in minimal salts medium with 0.1% n-heptadecane as substrate. The temperature range for growth is 42 to 70 C. A deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of 68.8 mol% guanine plus cytosine for this organism was determined by thermal denaturation of isolated deoxyribonucleic acid. The cells contain a pink carotenoid pigment(s) that is most evident after growth at minimal temperatures with acetate as the substrate. It is proposed that this organism be placed in the genus Thermomicrobium as a new species, to which we give the name Thermomicrobium fosteri. The type strain of T. fosteri, PTA-1, has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection under the number 29033.
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Methylobacterium, a New Genus of Facultatively Methylotrophic Bacteria
More LessA new genus and a new species of methane-oxidizing bacteria are described. The colonies produced by these bacteria are pink, circular, and convex with entire margins. Cells are gram negative and are normally found singularly with some rosettes. Negative stains indicate polar flagellation. In thin sections, intracytoplasmic membranes, similar to those described as type II in other methylotrophs, were present when the cells were grown with methane. No such membranes were apparent when the cells were grown with the other carbon and energy sources tested. The serine pathway for formaldehyde incorporation is the pathway of C1 metabolism. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition is 66 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Methylobacterium is proposed as the name for this new genus of rod-shaped, methane-oxidizing bacteria. The specific epithet in the name of the type species, Methylobacterium organophilum sp. nov., denotes the preference of this organism for organic carbon and energy sources more complex than methane. The type strain of M. organophilum is XX (= ATCC 27886). This bacterium differs from all previously described genera and species of methane-oxidizing bacteria in its ability to utilize a variety of organic substrates with carbon-carbon bonds as sources of carbon and energy. The pathways for methane oxidation and the assimilation of one-carbon units are repressed during growth on complex organic substrates.
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Reinstatement of Species Rank for Bacteroides fragilis, B. ovatus, B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus: Designation of Neotype Strains for Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Zuber) Castellani and Chalmers and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Distaso) Castellani and Chalmers
More LessThe organisms currently recognized as subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis have been shown to be genetically distinct. Species rank is therefore restored to these organisms, and type or neotype strains have been selected for the five species described. ATCC 25285 (= NCTC 9343) is designated the neotype strain of Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Zuber) Castellani and Chalmers; ATCC 29184 (= strain Werner E50 = NCTC 10582) is designated the neotype strain of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Distaso) Castellani and Chalmers; ATCC 8503 is designated the type strain of Bacteroides distasonis Eggerth and Gagnon; ATCC 8483 is designated the type strain of Bacteroides ovatus Eggerth and Gagnon; and ATCC 8482 is designated the type strain of Bacteroides vulgatus Eggerth and Gagnon. Characteristics of these strains are presented.
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Emendation of Bacteroidaceae and Butyrivibrio and Descriptions of Desulfomonas gen. nov. and Ten New Species in the Genera Desulfomonas, Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus
More LessThe family Bacteroidaceae is emended to include bacteria that are monotrichous or lophotrichous. The genus Butyrivibrio is emended to include lophotrichous bacteria. Desulfomonas, a new genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, gram-negative, anaerobic, sulfate-reducing rods, and 10 new species of anaerobes, Desulfomonas pigra, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Ruminococcus gnavus, R. lactaris, R. obeum, Eubacterium dolichum, E. hadrum, E. ramulus, E. siraeum, and Clostridium leptum, are described. These species have been isolated from human intestinal contents or from human feces. The type strains of these species are ATCC 29098, 29175, 29149, 29176, 29174, 29143, 29173, 29099, 29066, and 29065, respectively.
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Isolation and Characterization of Aquaspirillum fasciculus sp. nov., a Rod-shaped, Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Having Unusual Flagella
In 1971, Strength and Krieg reported the isolation of a gram-negative freshwater rod which exhibited bipolar flagellar fascicles clearly visible by dark-field microscopy. The flagellar fascicles exhibited helical wave propagation, basal bending, and an ability to coil up like springs. Despite the flagellar activity, the cells were apparently unable to swim freely. Such organisms appeared to be similar morphologically to an organism previously described by Houwink in 1953 and Jarosch in 1969. The present report describes a reliable isolation method for such organisms based on the use of L-proline and semisolid agar. Upon isolation, the organisms grew in flocs, from which a highly viscous matrix could be separated by high-speed centrifugation. After many transfers, the growth gradually became homogeneous and turbid, and the viscous substance could no longer be demonstrated. Under certain conditions of growth, steady straight-line motility could be observed and photographed within viscous flocs. Straight-line, free-swimming motility occurred in viscous suspensions of cells prepared by homogenization of flocs. In 8- to 12-h-old cultures in the nonviscous homogeneous condition, some cells could swim slowly in irregular, circular paths; other could move about on surfaces. When the viscosity of the medium was increased, nearly every cell could swim freely and steadily in straight paths. A viscosity of 200 centipoise was optimal for strain XI, whereas 10 centipoise was optimal for strains X and XII. These results suggest that the organisms may be highly adapted to life within viscous flocs. The organism exhibited nitrogenase activity when tested by methods developed by Döbereiner and her colleagues for “Spirillum” lipoferum; Aquaspirillum peregrinum also was found to possess nitrogenase activity. Investigation of the physiology and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of strains X, XI, and XII has indicated that even though the organisms are straight rods, they are probably members of the genus Aquaspirillum. Important taxonomic considerations include: Coccoid body or “microcyst” formation, possession of a “polar membrane” similar to that occurring in certain spirilla, bipolar tufts of flagella, a strictly respiratory metabolism, inability to attack carbohydrates, positive catalase and oxidase reactions, and a deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of 62 to 65 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The organisms were assigned to a new species, Aquaspirillum fasciculus, and the type strain was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under the number 27740.
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Isolation and Partial Characterization of Some New Bacteriophages Active Against Asticcacaulis Strains
More LessThe isolation and properties of 42 phages active against Asticcacaulis strains AC2, C19, AC12, AC48, S-1, S-3, and KA4A are described. The phages are divided into 12 groups according to host range and serology. Phages in groups I through IX are lytic for strain AC48 but not for AC2 or C19; those in groups I through VIII are also lytic for strains S-1 and S-3. Phages in groups X through XII are lytic only for strains AC2 and C19. Six Caulobacter strains are sensitive to one or more of these phages. The phages have no activity on strains of the 54 bacterial species, other than caulobacters, tested. Taxonomic implications are discussed. Mitomycin C treatment of the Asticcacaulis strains failed to induce any temperate phages but did induce three lytic activities.
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NOTES: Abbreviations of Names of Genera Suggested for Coding Microbiological Data
More LessA list of abbreviations of generic names appearing in the eighth edition of Bergey's Manual is presented. The list includes names of accepted genera and other genera cited as synonymous or of uncertain status. Since names of the latter still appear in the literature or are used in subspecialties of microbiology, abbreviations for these genera are also given. The abbreviations have been found useful when coding data for computer storage and analysis. Because of the saving in space, a larger number of strain characteristics can be stored in a computerized data bank. In addition, the abbreviations are often mnemonic, a helpful characteristic.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology of Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium Strains
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid base sequence homology studies have been conducted on 14 strains of the Prosthecomicrobium-Ancalomicrobium group as well as selected strains of other prosthecate bacteria in the genera Hyphomicrobium and Caulobacter. By this procedure Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium are not closely related to either the Hyphomicrobium or Caulobacter strains tested. The type strains of P. enhydrum, P. pneumaticum, and A. adetum are discrete from one another, therefore justifying the current taxonomic treatment of the group. In addition to these species, there are at least two additional groups of strains fitting the description of Prosthecomicrobium and Ancalomicrobium but differing from the type strains. One group is comprised of short-appendaged motile and nonmotile strains which morphologically resemble P. enhydrum but show insignificant polynucleotide reassociation with it. The other group, represented by at least four strains, has both short and long appendages and in other respects shares properties with both P. enhydrum and A. adetum.
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- Original Papers Relating To The Systematics Of Yeasts
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Phaffia, a New Yeast Genus in the Deuteromycotina (Blastomycetes)
More LessA description is given of a new yeast genus, Phaffia, represented by P. rhodozyma sp. nov., to accomodate nine yeast strains isolated in Japan and one in Alaska, all from exudates of deciduous trees. The type strain of P. rhodozyma is UCD (FS&T) 67-210 (= ATCC 24202 = CBS 5905). Phaffia, named in recognition of the contributions of Herman Jan Phaff to yeast taxonomy and ecology, is a carotenoid-producing, fermentative yeast of the Deuteromycotina (Blastomycetes), whose properties indicate a basidiomycetous origin. A comparison is made between Phaffia and other yeast genera to which it might be related.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Opinion 52: Conservation of the Generic Name Pediococcus Claussen with the Type Species Pediococcus damnosus Claussen
The generic name Pediococcus Claussen has been conserved with type species P. damnosus Claussen by the Judicial Commission of the International Com-committee on Systematic Bacteriology.
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Proposal to Conserve the Specific Epithet tarda over the Specific Epithet anguillimortiferum in the Name of the Organism Presently Known as Edwardsiella tarda: Request for an Opinion
More LessWe propose that the specific epithet tarda be conserved over the specific epithet anguillimortiferum in the scientific name Edwardsiella tarda Ewing et al. 1965. Although the name Paracolobactrum anguillimortiferum was applied to what may be the same organism and was validly published by Hoshina in 1962, the name remained obscure until it was rediscovered by Sakazaki and Tamura in 1975. Meanwhile, the name Edwardsiella tarda has gained worldwide acceptance. For stability in nomenclature and to avoid confusion in the literature, the specific epithet tarda should be retained.
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- Errata
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Volumes and issues
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