- Volume 33, Issue 4, 1983
Volume 33, Issue 4, 1983
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Flavobacterium thalpophilum, a New Species Recovered from Human Clinical Material
More LessWe propose a new species, Flavobacterium thalpophilum. Each of the seven strains placed in this new species was examined for 129 characteristics, including 58 enzyme reactions (API ZYM System). These bacteria are rodshaped, aerobic, gram negative, and nonmotile and oxidize glucose in oxidation-fermentation medium. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acids of seven strains is 45.0 ± 0.8 mol%. The distinguishing features of the new species include an ability to reduce nitrate, an ability to grow at 42°C, and an ability to produce acid from various carbohydrates and alcohols. In particular, the ability of F. thalpophilum strains to produce acid from adonitol distinguishes them from all other Flavobacterium species. The seven strains of the new species were isolated from human clinical specimens. The type strain is strain K-1173 (= NCTC 11429).
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Transfer of Peptococcus indolicus, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptococcus prevotii, and Peptococcus magnus to the Genus Peptostreptococcus and Proposal of Peptostreptococcus tetradius sp. nov.
More LessThe guanine-plus-cytosine (G + C) contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus ATCC 14963T (T = type strain), Peptococcus indolicus ATCC 29427T, Peptococcus prevotii ATCC 9321T, and Peptococcus magnus ATCC 15794T ranged from 29 to 34 mol%, whereas the G+C content of the DNA of Peptococcus niger ATCC 27731T, the type species of the genus Peptococcus, is 51 mol%. The G+C content of the DNA of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337T, the type species of the genus Peptostreptococcus, was 33 mol%. Thus, the DNA base compositions of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptococcus indolicus, Peptococcus prevotii, and Peptococcus magnus resemble the DNA base composition of the type species of the genus Peptostreptococcus rather than the DNA base composition of the type species of the genus Peptococcus. It is not desirable for the genus Peptococcus to include any species whose G+C content is far from the G+C content of the type species of the genus. The levels of DNA-DNA homology between Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337T and the four species of Peptococcus with low G+C DNA contents ranged from 23 to 36%. The cellular fatty acid profiles of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptococcus indolicus, Peptococcus prevotii, and Peptococcus magnus also resembled the cellular fatty acid profile of the type species of Peptostreptococcus. Other biochemical characteristics of these species revealed their close resemblance to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. For these reasons we propose transfer of the four Peptococcus species that have low G + C contents to the genus Peptostreptococcus as Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus (Distaso 1912) comb. nov., Peptostreptococcus indolicus (Christiansen 1934) comb. nov., Peptostreptococcus prevotii (Foubert and Douglas 1948) comb. nov., and Peptostreptococcus mangus (Prévot 1933) Smith 1957 comb. rev. A group of organisms previously referred to as “Gaffkya anaerobia” (Choukévitch) Prévot is an identifiable Peptostreptococcus species based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The name of Peptostreptococcus tetradius sp. nov. is proposed for this group of organisms. Strain GIFU 7672 (= ATCC 35098) is designated the type strain. Clinical strains of P. asaccharolyticus that were identified by conventional methods were divided into two homology groups and one unclassified group (A-l). DNA-DNA homology between the type strain of P. prevotii and clinical strains which had been received as P. prevotii ranged from 0 to 73%.
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Vibrio aestuarianus: a New Species from Estuarine Waters and Shellfish †
More LessA group of phenotypically similar bacteria were isolated from estuarine waters and shellfish from the Oregon coast by procedures designed for the isolation of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. Although these strains were typical of bacteria of the genus Vibrio, they could be distinguished from previously described species by their arginine dihydrolase activities, negative Voges-Pros-kauer reactions, fermentation of sucrose and lactose, and inability to grow in 0 or >5% added NaCl. The deoxyribonucleic acid base compositions of these strains ranged from 43 to 44 mol% guanine plus cytosine. There was >85% deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among these strains (melting temperature –15°C; membrane filter competition method), whereas there was <25% relatedness with other Vibrio species, including Vibria anguillarum, Vibrio nereis, and Vibrio splendidus, which are also arginine dihydrolase positive and have similar guanine-plus-cytosine contents. Our results indicate that the strains which we studied are distinct from previously described species of the genus Vibrio, and we propose the name Vibrio aestuarianus for these strains, indicating their estuarine origin. The type strain is strain OY-0-002 (= ATCC 35048).
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness of Bacillus circulans Jordan 1890 Strains
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid reassociation measurements revealed that 50 of 111 Bacillus circulans Jordan 1890 strains examined could be separated into 10 groups of genetically related organisms. The results of deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness studies and phenotypic comparisons suggested that five of these groups were hitherto undescribed species and that four others probably represented previous ly, but inadequately, described species. The tenth group, which included the type strain, represented the species B. circulans sensu stricto. Our data show that B. circulans and Bacillus macerans Schardinger 1905 are genetically and phenotypi-cally distinct species. Thus, the phenotypic heterogeneity of the species B. circulans sensu lato is not due to inherent variability of genetically related strains but rather is due to inclusion of genetically unrelated organisms in this taxon.
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Providencia friedericiana, a New Species Isolated from Penguins
More LessThe name Providencia friedericiana sp. nov. is proposed for a well-defined group of organisms that were isolated from fecal specimens from penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica, Eudyptes crestatus, Pyoscelis papua, Spheniscus demersus, and Spheniscus humboldti). P. friedericiana strains are gram-negative, oxidase-negative, fermentative rods that grow on Endo agar, MacConkey agar, Wilson-Blair agar, and some other selective media for Enterobacteriaceae. They are acetate, adonitol, arginine dihydrolase, gelatinase, inositol, lactose, lysine decarboxylase, mannitol, ornithine decarboxylase, tartrate, trehalose, urease, and Voges-Proskauer negative, but fructose, galactose, glucose, glycerol, indole, catalase, KCN, nitrate reductase, mannose, methyl red, and phenylalanine deaminase positive. Simmons citrate is utilized weakly and variably. Gas is produced from glucose in small amounts or not at all. The organisms possess flagella when they are grown at 25°C. They show moderate motility at 25°C but are nonmotile or only slightly motile at 36°C. Capsules and slime layers are not produced. The type strain of P. friedericiana, strain 1/33, has been deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen as strain DSM 2620.
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Biochemical Characterization of Fast- and Slow-Growing Rhizobia That Nodulate Soybeans
More LessFast-growing, acid-producing soybean rhizobia were examined to determine their biochemical relatedness to each other, to typical slow-growing Rhizobium japonicum strains, and to other fast-growing species of Rhizobium. Although both the fast- and slow-growing soybean rhizobia were positive for catalase, urease, oxidase, nitrate reductase, and penicillinase, the fast-growing strains grouped with other fast-growing species of Rhizobium in that they tolerated 2% NaCl, were capable of growth at pH 9.5, utilized a large variety of carbohydrates (notably disaccharides), and produced serum zones in litmus milk. In addition, these fast-growing strains were similar to other fast-growing species of Rhizobium in that they produced appreciable levels of β-galactosidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase but had no detectable hydrogenase activity. The fast-growing soybean rhizobia share symbiotic host specificity with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, but appear to be related biochemically to the other fast-growing species of Rhizobium.
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Relationships Among Lactic Acid Bacteria Demonstrated with Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase as an Evolutionary Probe
More LessAntisera prepared against the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases of Streptococcus faecalis, Pediococcus damnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus were used to measure relationships among the lactic acid bacteria by immuno-chemical techniques. Our results confirmed the results of earlier phylogenetic studies carried out with anti-fructose diphosphate aldolase sera. We present new data in the form of dendrograms, which, for the first time, include heterofermenta-tive members of the lactic acid bacteria. Previously acquired quantitative data are integrated with our new data to produce a three-dimensional phylogenetic map which shows the relationships of five genera of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Staphylococci Isolated from Clinical Sources
More LessA total of 264 staphylococcal and micrococcal isolates from clinical specimens were examined for 62 morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Numerical taxonomy was used to analyze the data. Forty percent of the strains were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, 25% were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus and related species, and 9% were identified as Staphylococcus aureus; the remaining strains were a mixture of other Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. Our results were compared with the simplified scheme of Kloos and Schleifer. The phenetic characteristics of the species groups are presented. When applied to the identification of closely similar species, both the simplified scheme and numerical taxonomy have limitations, which should be recognized when a method for taxonomic analysis is selected.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Staphylococci Isolated from the Marine Environment
More LessA total of 220 strains of staphylococci isolated from marine and estuarine surface water samples were examined for 62 morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The taxonomic data were analyzed by numerical taxonomy; 86% of the cultures were classified as Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus hominis, 5% were classified as Staphylococcus aureus, and 9% were classified as Micrococcus spp. An association was observed between species of Staphylococcus isolated from surface water samples and geographic source. S. epidermidis, the most common of the coagulase-negative staphylococci encountered in clinical laboratories, was the dominant species in samples of polluted water, whereas S. hominis, a less common species in clinical specimens, was dominant in water samples collected from unpolluted regions. The phenetic characteristics of the environmental staphylococcal isolates are presented.
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Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Homology Among Species of the Genus Veillonella Prévot
More LessStrains of the genus Veillonella were compared by ribosomal ribonucleic acid homology (16S and 23S). The strains examined represented all species in the genus, as well as several unnamed organisms which had negligible deoxyribonucleic acid homology with each other or with any of the named species. The organisms which we studied formed three clusters with average intracluster homology values of 90 to 100% and an average intercluster homology value of 60 to 70%. Veillonella parvula, Veillonella dispar, Veillonella atypica, Veillonella rodentium, and Veillonella caviae belonged to one cluster. Veillonella ratti, Veillonella criceti, and strains VPI 12095, VPI 1148B, and VPI 7944 belonged to a second cluster, whereas the two strains belonging to the “3312A” homology group represented the third cluster. Although some of the Veillonella species, as defined by deoxyribonucleic acid homology, are associated with specific host animals, this relationship does not appear to extend to the ribosomal ribonucleic acid homology clusters. For example, strains of V. rodentium and V. criceti were isolated exclusively from hamsters but belonged to separate ribosomal ribonucleic acid homology clusters.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization Analysis of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) were isolated and purified from 20 strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 6 strains of Haemophilus aphrophilus, 2 strains of Haemophilus paraphrophilus, 2 strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, 2 strains of Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus, 2 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, and 1 strain each of Actinobacillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus suis, Haemophilus aegyptius, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNAs were determined, and they agreed closely with previous estimates. DNA-DNA hybridization analyses revealed that all of the strains identified as A. actinomycetemcomitans were at least 69% homologous to DNA probes from two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (strains NCTC 9710T [T = type strain] and Y4). The H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus strains were homologous to the two A. actinomycetemcomitans probes at levels of 25 to 37%. The DNAs of all A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were homologous to a DNA probe from H. aphrophilus strain NCTC 5906 at levels of 30 to 39%. The two strains of H. paraphrophilus tested were homologous to the H. aphrophilus probe at levels of 73 and 77%, indicating a very close relationship between these groups of organisms. H. parainfluenzae strain ATCC 9796 DNA seemed to be homologous to the H. aphrophilus and A. actinomycetemcomitans probes at low but significant levels (12 to 16%). All of the other strains of haemophili and actinobacilli tested gave 10% or less homology with the three test probes.
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Streptococcus cecorum, a New Species Isolated from Chickens
More LessCarboxyphilic strains which had characteristics commonly attributed to the group D streptococci and especially to Streptococcus bovis were isolated from the ceca of chickens. However, these strains differed from S. bovis in being positive for ribose, melezitose, β-glucuronidase, and alkaline phosphatase, and negative for group D reactions and growth enhancement by CO2. These differences were confirmed by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization tests. The strains form a new species, for which the name Streptococcus cecorum is proposed. Strain A60 (=NCDO 2674) is the type strain of this species.
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Differentiation of Vibrionaceae Species by Their Cellular Fatty Acid Composition
More LessThe cellular fatty acid compositions of 10 Vibrio species, two Aeromoas species, three Photobacterium species, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli Were determined by using capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major fatty acids in all Vibrionaceae species and E. coli were hexadecenoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecenoic acids. Qualitative and quantitative differences in hydroxy, branched, and cyclopropane fatty acids and in isomers of unsaturated 16- and 18-carbon acids were used to divide the 29 strains belonging to 17 species tested into 13 GLC groups. Of the 13 groups, 10 contained one species, 2 contained two species, and 1 contained three species. All of the Vibrionaceae cultures were differentiated from E. coli (GLC group I) because the concentration of hexadecenoic acid was greater than the concentration of hexadecanoic acid; in E. coli, this ratio was reversed. Aeromonas hydrophila (GLC group II) and Aeromonas salmonicida (GLC group III) were differentiated from the Vibrio and Photobacterium species and from Plesiomonas shigelloides because the Aeromonas cultures did not contain 3-hydroxylauric acid. Seven of 10 Vibrio species, including Vibrio fluvialis (GLC group IV), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (GLC group V), Vibrio alginolyticus (GLC group V), Vibrio harveyi (GLC group V), Vibrio splendidus (GLC group VI), Vibrio vulnificus (GLC group VII), and Vibrio cholerae (GLC group VIII), contained both cis-9-hexadecenoic and cis-11-hexadecenoic acids. These seven species could be differentiated from Vibrio gazogenes (GLC group IX), Vibrio metschnikovii (GLC group XII), Vibrio anguillarum (GLC group XIII), Photobacterium leiognathi (GLC group XIII), Photobacterium phosphoreum (GLC group XI), Photobacterium angustum (GLC group XI), and Plesiomonas shigelloides (GLC group X) because these latter seven species did not contain cis-11-hexadecnoic acid. The only Vibrionaceae cultures which contained cyclopropane acids were Photobacterium phosphoreum, Photobacterium angustum, and one of the two strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides examined. Branched-chain acids were found in all species tested, and their concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 22%. Although the 16 Vibrionaceae species tested had many similarities in their cellular fatty acid compositions, there were differences which could be used for differentiation of members of this family at the genus and species levels.
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Description of Deleya gen. nov. Created to Accommodate the Marine Species Alcaligenes aestus, A. pacificus, A. cupidus, A. venustus, and Pseudomonas marina
More LessRecent investigations of the evolutionary relationships of marine species assigned to the genera Alcaligenes (Alcaligenes aestus, Alcaligenes pacificus, Alcaligenes cupidus, and Alcaligenes venustus) and Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas marina) are reviewed. Data obtained by a number of different methods indicate that these five species are part of a single evolutionary lineage distinct from their close relatives, the fluorescent pseudomonads, and unrelated to the type species of Alcaligenes (Alcaligenes faecalis). Consequently, all five species are transferred to a new genus, Deleya, with Deleya aesta designated as the type species. The phenotype properties of D. aesta, Deleya pacifica, Deleya cupida, Deleya venusta, and Deleya marina are presented, together with the distinguishing traits of these organisms.
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Development of Probability Matrices for Identification of Alaskan Marine Bacteria
More LessProbabilistic identification matrices were developed by using data from 86 phenotypic clusters. In our analyses we used data gathered from 1,119 bacterial strains isolated from Alaskan outer continental shelf regions (320 features per isolate), the Jaccard similarity coefficient, and unweighted average linkage clustering. A normalized probability score (relative likelihood, identification score) based on a modification of the Bayes theorem and the ratio of observed likelihood to best possible relative likelihood were used as identification criteria. Error rates were compared for the proper association of isolates with 86 previously defined phenons by using an inclusive matrix of 61 feature probabilities and a hierarchical scheme containing a primary probability matrix (supermatrix) to indicate the most likely of six secondary probability matrices (submatrices) for detailed identification. The supermatrix-submatrix scheme was superior to the inclusive scheme on the basis of economy of tests and had a comparable error rate.
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Mycobacterium pulveris sp. nov., a Nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium with an Intermediate Growth Rate
More LessA group of nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria with intermediate growth rates were isolated from house dust and were considered to be members of a new species in the genus Mycobacterium. This organism is named Mycobacterium pulveris sp. nov. The type strain is NCH (National Chubu Hospital) 33505 (= ATCC 35154).
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Serotyping of Bdellovibrios by Agglutination and Indirect Immunofluorescence
More LessA comparative serological study was undertaken to clarify the uncertain interrelationships among various bdellovibrios. A total of 17 predacious (host-dependent) strains and 12 nonpredacious strains were serotyped. Strains were grouped into serotypes on the basis of positive agglutination and strongly positive fluorescence cross-reactions. The results of division of the strains into serogroups by these two methods were identical. Bdellovibrio starrii strain A3.12 and Bdellovibrio stolpii strain UKi2 were found to be antigenically distinct from each other and from the group of strains comprising Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus; the latter was found to be an antigenically heterogeneous group consisting of at least nine serogroups. All nonpredacious strains were found to be related antigenically to their obligately predacious counterparts. An antigen(s) common to all of the Bdellovibrio strains examined was exhibited as weakly positive fluorescence. Selected strains of Bdellovibrio were studied by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, which confirmed the serogrouping results and provided a technically simple method of serotyping. Further immunochemical characterization of the strains of Bdellovibrio in conjunction with increased knowledge of other differences among strains will likely result in the formation of additional species of Bdellovibrio.
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Pseudonocardia compacta sp. nov.
More LessThe new mesophilic species Pseudonocardia compacta was isolated from soil. P. compacta resembles the type species of the genus Pseudonocardia in exhibiting acropetal budding of the hyphae, in having a two-layered hyphal wall, in cell wall composition (chemotype IV), in phospholipids (type III), in the lack of mycolic acid, and in the occurrence of yellow pigments (carotenoids). P. compacta is characterized by densely aggregated substrate and aerial hyphae that frequently bear apical and intercalary swellings, by thick-walled spores, by white aerial mycelium and by being mesophilic. The type strain is strain MB H-146 ( = DSM 43592 = CBS 160.82).
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Isolation and Characterization of Clostridium stercorarium sp. nov., Cellulolytic Thermophile
More LessClostridium stercorarium, a new species of anaerobic, sporeforming, thermophilic, saccharoclastic, cellulolytic bacteria, is described. The colonies produced by these bacteria on cellobiose agar are 3 to 6 mm in diameter, cream colored, glossy, and umbonate with fiat, entire margins. Single cells are straight rods 0.7 to 0.8 by 2.7 to 7.7 μm, with oval terminal spores. Fermentation products from cellulose include hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ethanol, acetate, and lactate. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type strain of C. stercorarium, NCIB 11754, is 39 mol% guanine plus cytosine, and its temperature optimum is 65%C. The specific epithet refers to the source of the original isolate, rotting vegetation (a compost heap).
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Characterization of Thiothrix nivea
More LessTwo strains of Thiothrix nivea were examined to determine their morphological and physiological features. Microculture studies revealed the production of gliding gonidia and possible mechanisms for rosette formation. The strains were able to use only 4 of 41 carbon sources tested, but only if sulfide or thiosulfate was present. Physiologically, Thiothrix may be an obligate mixotroph. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid was 52 mol%. Our strains fit the description of T. nivea, and strain JP2 (= ATCC 31500) was designated as the neotype strain.
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