- Volume 49, Issue 4, 1999
Volume 49, Issue 4, 1999
- New Taxa - Gram-Positive Bacteria
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A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the genus Anaerovibrio, with the reclassification of Anaerovibrio glycerini as Anaerosinus glycerini gen. nov., comb. nov., and Anaerovibrio burkinabensis as Anaeroarcus burkinensis [corrig.] gen. nov., comb. nov
Chemotaxonomic, electron microscopic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of the three described species of the genus Anaerovibrio demonstrated only remote similarities to each other. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Anaerovibrio glycerini and Anaerovibrio burkinabensis and the derived phylogenetic relationships of the three specie studied fell below genus level. All three species clustered within the Sporomusa-Pectinatus-Selenomonas phyletic group. Each species showed a distinct phospholipid pattern and whole-cell fatty acid distribution. Several isoprenologues of the lipoquinone ‘lipid F’ were found to differ in their quantitative distribution in the Anaerovibrio species. On the basis of these results, the new genera Anaerosinus gen. nov. and Anaeroarcus gen. nov. are proposed. The type species of Anaerosinus is Anaerosinus glycerini comb. nov., and the type species of Anaeroarcus is Anaeroarcus burkinensis [corrig.] comb. nov. The genus Anaerovibrio is consequently restricted to a single species, namely Anaerovibrio lipolyticus [corrig.].
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Actinomyces bowdenii sp. nov., isolated from canine and feline clinical specimens
Four strains of a previously undescribed Actinomyces-like bacterium were isolated from canine and feline clinical specimens. Phenotypic studies indicated the strains were members of the genus Actinomyces, and most closely resembled Actinomyces viscosus serotype I and Actinomyces slackii. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies demonstrated the unknown bacterium constitutes a new subline within a group of Actinomyces species, which includes Actinomyces bovis, the type species of the genus. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as Actinomyces bowdenii sp. nov. The type strain of Actinomyces bowdenii is CCUG 37421T.
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Carnobacterium inhibens sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
More LessStrain K1T, isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), has the capacity to inhibit the growth of the fish pathogens Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida. Strain K1T is a motile Gram-positive psychrophilic rod that lacks both catalase and oxidase, which does not grow on acetate containing media, but grows at pH 9 and in TSB with up to 6 % sodin chloride content. Strain K1T is facultatively anaerobic and tryptone as a sole source of nutrient promotes growth. The most abundant cellular fatty acid of strain K1T is oleic acid (18:1cis9). Based on 16S rDNA sequence comparisons, it is suggested that strain K1T is phylogenetically closely related to C. alterfunditum. However, the unique phenotypic attributes of strain K1T suggest that it represents a new species. The name Carnobacterium inhibens i proposed, for which the type strain is K1T (= CCUG 31728T).
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- New Taxa - Yeasts
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Kluyveromyces nonfermentans sp. nov., a new yeast species isolated from the deep sea
More LessEleven strains of a new species of the genus Kluyveromyces, characterized as having evanescent asci and Q-6 as the major ubiquinone, were isolated from sediments, a clam and a crab collected at depths of 1000–2000 m in Suruga Bay and Sagami Bay, Japan. A phylogenetic tree based on small-subunit (18S) rRNA gene sequences placed these isolates into a cluster of Kluyveromyces. DNA complementarity and phylogenetic trees of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and 5·8S rRNA genes showed that the isolates are closely related to Kluyveromyces aestuarii, but that these two species are genetically distinct. The isolates are described as Kluyveromyces nonfermentans sp. nov. Because this species lacks the fermentative ability considered to be an important criterion for the genus Kluyveromyces, the definition of the genus has been emended. The type strain of K. nonfermentans is strain SY-33T (= JCM 10232T).
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A new yeast genus, Tetrapisispora gen. nov.: Tetrapisispora iriomotensis sp. nov., Tetrapisispora nanseiensis sp. nov. and Tetrapisispora arboricola sp. nov., from the Nansei Islands, and reclassification of Kluyveromyces phaffii (van der Walt) van der Walt as Tetrapisispora phaffii comb. nov
More LessSeven strains of three new yeast species were isolated from soil, flowers and leaves in the Nansei Islands, Japan. These isolates most closely resembled Kluyveromyces phaffii in physiological characteristics and nuclear DNA base composition (30–32 mol% G+C), but on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization and electrophoretic karyotyping they were categorized into three new species different from K. phaffii. Phylogenetic analysis using 18S rRNA gene sequence showed that the three new species and K. phaffii were highly related to one another and phylogenetically separate from the members of other species. On the basis of phylogeny and physiological characters, it is proposed that the three new species represent novel taxa and should be designated Tetrapisispora iriomotensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain IFO 10929T), Tetrapisispora nanseiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain IFO 10899T) and Tetrapisispora arboricola gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain IFO 10925T), while Kluyveromyces phaffii becomes Tetrapisispora phaffii comb. nov.
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- Evolution, Phylogeny And Biodiversity
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A protein-based phylogenetic tree for Gram-positive bacteria derived from hrcA, a unique heat-shock regulatory gene
More LessThe dnaK operon from Bacillus subtilis and other Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C DNA content contains additional heat-shock genes, including hrcA. The hrcA gene encodes a transcription factor that negatively regulates heatshock genes and is uniformly present in all Gram-positive bacteria studied to date. An hrcA homologue is also present in Synechocystis species, Leptospira interrogans, Chlamydia trachomatis, Caulobacter crescentus and Methanococcus jannaschii, organisms that diverged early on from the common ancestor of all Gram-positive bacteria and Proteobacteria, according to 16S rRNA phylogeny. A partial, protein-based phylogenetic tree, derived using amino acid sequence homology of hrcA proteins from Gram-positive bacteria, is presented here, and the results are compared with the phylogenetic trees generated from 16S rRNA, dnaK and dnaJ sequences. The location of the hrcA gene and the genome organization of the dnaK operon support the division of all Gram-positive bacteria into three major groups: one group contains high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria, and two others contain low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Among the Gram-positive bacteria with low G+C DNA content, the results indicate that there is a close phylogenetic relationship between Bacillus species and Clostridium species on the one hand and between Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus mutans on the other. Streptomyces and Mycobacterium species also exhibited a close relationship. A hierarchical arrangement of Gram-positive bacteria based on HrcA sequences is proposed as an additional refinement of the phylogenetic relationships within this important bacterial group.
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Phylogenetic positions of Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas DNA hybridization Group 11 and Aeromonas Group 501
More LessThe 16S rDNA sequences of the recently described Aeromonas encheleia and Aeromonas popoffii, were determined and compared with data from all known Aeromonas sp. Diagnostic 16S rDNA regions were also sequenced for some strains previously considered as an extension of A. encheleia and a strain of Aeromonas Group 501 (formerly Enteric Group 501). Results indicated that A. encheleia and A. popoffii are phylogenetically separated species as originally described. A. conclusion about HG11 taxonomic status is not recommended until previous discrepancies are clarified by further DNA-DNA hybridization and sequencing studies.
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Determination of members of a Borrelia afzelii-related group isolated from Ixodes nipponensis in Korea as Borrelia valaisiana
The 16S rRNA sequences of the Korean Borrelia strains 5MT and 9MT, isolated from lxodes nipponensis, showed identities of 99.0-99.1% to that of B. afzelii. The strains were tentatively classified as belonging to the B. afzelii-related group. In this study, Korean isolates, including these strains, were characterized further and compared with recently described new species. These strains generated a RFLP pattern that has not been found previously in RFLP analysis of the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer and the flagellin gene. When phylogenetic trees were constructed, based on the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, flagellin gene and 16S rRNA sequences, these Korean isolates formed a cluster with the Borrelia strain Am501 isolated from Ixodes columnae in Japan and Borrelia valaisiana strains VS116T and UK isolated from Ixodes ricinus in Europe and were distinguishable from the other species. However, these three groups of strains were divergent from each other in the molecular masses of the putative outer surface protein A (OspA) and in the sequences of the ospA gene. These findings suggest that these Korean isolates and one Japanese isolate are members of B. valaisiana and that OspA of this species is divergent, as is that of Borrelia garinii. This led to the speculation that B. valaisiana strains are adapted to the vector ticks found in each locality.
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Comparison of partial malolactic enzyme gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis of some lactic acid bacteria species and relationships with the malic enzyme
More LessDNA sequences covering 36% of the mle gene that encodes the malolactic enzyme were determined for 13 strains of lactic acid bacteria, representing Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus and Oenococcus genera. The sequences were aligned with the corresponding region of mleS in Lactococcus lactis. The phylogenetic distance matrix tree of all mle sequences was compared with the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree. The analysis showed that the mle fragment evolved more rapidly than the 16S gene and differently. Pediococcus and Lactobacillus species were intermixed in the 16S rRNA tree whereas they were separated in the mle tree. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Oenococcus oeni were distinct from other species in the 16S rRNA tree, whereas they were intermixed with Lactobacillus species and Lactococcus lactis in the mle tree. The amino acid sequences deduced from partial mle genes were aligned with 22 malic enzyme sequences and the corresponding phylogenetic tree was constructed. Malic and malolactic enzymes were distinct at the phylogenetic level, except for malic enzymes of yeast and Escherichia coli which were nearer the malolactic enzymes than the other malic enzymes. The analysis of conserved sites showed several interesting amino acids specific to either malic enzyme or malolactic enzyme.
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Characterization of bacteria isolated from wild legumes in the north-western regions of China
More LessNodule isolates from 11 species of wild legumes in north-western China were characterized by numerical taxonomy, PCR-based 16S rRNA gene RFLP and sequence analyses, DNA-DNA hybridization, restriction patterns of nodDAB and nifH genes, and symbiotic properties. Based on the results of numerical taxonomy, most of the 35 new isolates were grouped into five clusters (clusters 7, 9, 12, 14 and 15). Clusters 7 and 12 were identified as Mesorhizobium amorphae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, based on their high DNA homologies with the reference strains for these species, their 16S rRNA gene analysis and their phenotypic features. Results of 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis showed that cluster 9 belonged to Rhizobium. Clusters 14 and 15 were identified as Mesorhizobium based on their moderately slow-growing, acid-producing characters and the high similarity of their 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP patterns to those of Mesorhizobium species. These two clusters were genomic species distinct from all described species based on analysis of DNA relatedness within this genus. The isolates in cluster 12 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) failed to nodulate their original host and other selected hosts and they did not hybridize to nif or nod gene probes. The possibility of opportunistic nodulation of these isolates is discussed. Identical restriction patterns were obtained in the nif or nod gene hybridization studies from the three isolates within cluster 15, which were isolated from the same host species. The isolates from different host plants in each of clusters 9 and 14 produced different nodDAB RFLP patterns, but similar nifH RFLP patterns appeared (one band for each isolate). Different patterns were observed among different clusters from both the nod and nif gene hybridization studies. Cross-nodulation was recorded among the isolates and the host plants in the same cluster and promiscuous properties were found among some of the hosts tested.
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Phylogenetic characterization of ‘Candidatus Helicobacter bovis’, a new gastric helicobacter in cattle
Recently helicobacter-like organisms have been reported in the pyloric part of the abomasum of calves and adult cattle. Cultivation of these spiral bacteria has not been successful to date. In the present study, comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis was used to determine the taxonomic position of these bacteria. Seven abomasal biopsies of adult cattle were sampled from different Belgian and Dutch farms. In all samples the presence of helicobacter-like organisms was demonstrated by biochemical, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical data. Bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and sequences were determined either by direct or indirect sequence analysis. Pairwise comparisons revealed all sequences to be more than 99% homologous. Phylogenetic analysis placed the organism, corresponding to the reference sequence R2XA, within the genus Helicobacter. A diagnostic PCR assay was designed, differentiating all of the bovine 16S rDNA sequences from Helicobacter and Wolinella species. The low similarity level towards Helicobacter bilis (92·8%), its closest validly named neighbour, indicates that this novel taxon is indeed a novel Helicobacter species. An in situ hybridizatu procedure associated the bovine sequences to the helicobacter-like organism in the abomasum. The name ‘Candidatus Helicobacter bovis’ is proposed for this new abomasal helicobacter from cattle.
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Genomic diversity of the genus Stenotrophomonas
More LessThe clinical and environmental importance of Stenotrophomonas bacteria requires thorough, molecular studies on their epidemiology and taxonomy. In order to obtain a complete genomic profile of this genus, over 100 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains from various origins were investigated by AFLP fingerprinting. A subset of these strains was analysed by DNA hybridization and 16S rDNA sequencing. In contrast to their high phenotypic homogeneity, the strains were found to be very heterogeneous genotypically by AFLP fingerprinting. Nevertheless, ten cores of highly similar strains representing ten genomic groups were observed. The same groups could be retrieved by DNA hybridizations and also, partly, by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The intergroup DNA similarities were too high to create confident species delineations, neither could the genomic groups be characterized by phenotypic features.
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Phylogenetic analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum – support for the establishment of a new species, Ureaplasma parvum
More LessIn this study, the phylogenetic relationships between the two biovars and 14 serovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum were studied using the sequences of four different genes or genetic regions, namely: 16S rRNA genes; 16S–23S rRNA gene spacer regions; urease gene subunits ureA, ureB, partial ureC and adjoining regions upstream of ureA, ureA-ureB spacer and ureB-ureC spacer the 5′-ends of the multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes. U. urealyticum genotypes, based on all four genomic sequences, could be clearly separated into two clusters corresponding with currently recognized biovars 1 and 2. Sequences were generally conserved within each biovar. However, there was heterogeneity within the 5′-end regions of the MBA genes of the four serovas of biovar 1; the sequence of serovar 3 was identical with the previously published sequence and differed by only three bases from that of serovar 14 but there were significant differences between the sequences of serovars 3 a 14 and those of serovars 1 and 6. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, support i: given to previous recommendations that the two biovars of U. urealyticum be classified as distinct species, namely U. parvum and U. urealyticum for biovars and 2, respectively. In the future, the relationship between the new species and clinical manifestations of ureaplasma infections should be studied.
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Karyotypes of Saccharomyces sensu lato species
More LessAn improved pulsed-field electrophoresis program was developed to study differently sized chromosomes within the genus Saccharomyces. The number of chromosomes in the type strains was shown to be nine in Saccharomyces castellii and Saccharomyces dairenensis, 12 in Saccharomyces servazzii and Saccharomyces unisporus, 16 in Saccharomyces exiguus and seven in Saccharomyces kluyveri. The sizes of individual chromosomes were resolved and the approximate genome sizes were determined by the addition of individual chromosomes of the karyotypes. Apparently, the genome of S. exiguus, which is the only Saccharomyces sensu lato yeast to contain small chromosomes, is larger than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the other hand, other species exhibited genome sizes that were 10–25% smaller than that of S. cerevisiae. Well-defined karyotypes represent the basis for future genome mapping and sequencing projects, as well as studies of the origin of the modern genomes.
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A natural chimeric yeast containing genetic material from three species
More LessThe Saccharomyces sp. CID1 isolate (CBS 8614) and several other Saccharomyces sensu stricto yeasts were analysed for their mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The data show that Saccharomyces sp. CID1, found so far only in one location in Europe, is a natural hybrid between three different Saccharomyces yeast species. Two of them, Saccharomyces cerevisiae-like and Saccharomyces bayanus-like, are ubiquitous and contributed parts of the nuclear genome; the third, Saccharomyces sp. IFO 1802-like, which has been found only in Japan, contributed the mitochondrial DNA molecule. These data suggest that the yeast cell is able to accommodate, express and propagate genetic material that originates from different species, and the very existence of the resulting natural hybrids indicates that such hybrids are well adapted to their habitats.
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- Methods
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Identification of Enterobacteriaceae by partial sequencing of the gene encoding translation initiation factor 2
Nucleotide sequence analysis is increasingly being used to identify bacteria. In this work, a PCR assay based on degenerate primers was used to obtain the partial sequence of infB, the gene encoding translation initiation factor 2 (IF2), in 39 clinical isolates of different Enterobacteriaceae. The partial sequence encodes the GTP-binding domain of IF2. Together with sequences from the literature, a total of 15 species, each represented by one to seven strains, was investigated. Phylogenetic analysis yielded an evolutionary tree which had a topology similar to a tree constructed using available 16S rRNA sequences. It is concluded that the inter-species variation of the infB gene fragment is sufficient for its use in the characterization of strains that have aberrant phenotypic reactions.
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Identification of clinically relevant viridans streptococci by analysis of transfer DNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism
More LessThe utility of PCR analysis of transfer DNA intergenic spacer length polymorphism (tDNA-ILP) for the identification to the species level of clinically relevant viridans streptococci was evaluated with a collection of reference strains of 15 species of the salivarius, anginosus, mitis and mutans rRNA homology groups. PCR products generated by using fluorescent, outwardly directed, consensus tDNA primers were analysed by electrophoresis on denaturating polyacrylamide gels and by laser fluorescence scanning. Eleven species showed specific and distinct tDNA patterns: Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus criceti and Streptococcus ratti. Indistinguishable patterns were obtained among two groups of species: Sreptococcus vestibularis and Streptococcus salivarius on the one hand and Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus intermedius on the other. S. mitis strains produced heterogeneous patterns that could be separated into three groups: a group containing S. mitis biovar 1 and two S. mitis biovar 2 groups, one of which clustered with S. parasanguinis strains while the other showed patterns unrelated to other species. These results agree in part with protein electrophoretic analysis showing that S. mitis biovar 2 strains belong to several streptococcal taxa. In conclusion, PCR analysis of tDNA-ILP holds promise for rapid identification of viridans streptococci that are difficult to identify by phenotypic tests.
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Identification of Burkholderia species and genomovars from cystic fibrosis patients by AFLP fingerprinting
More LessAFLP is a genomic fingerprinting technique based on the selective amplification of restriction fragments from a total double-digest of genomic DNA. The applicability of this method to differentiate between species and genomovars of the genus Burkholderia was tested, with particular emphasis on taxa occurring in cystic fibrosis patients. In this study, 78 well-characterized strains and field isolates were investigated by two methods of AFLP fingerprinting. In the manual procedure, a radioactively labelled primer was used, amplified fragments were separated by conventional PAGE and the patterns were revealed by autoradiography. In the automated procedure, a fluorescently labelled primer was used in combination with electrophoresis and on-line data collection by means of an automated DNA sequencer. Overall, there was good agreement between the two AFLP procedures and the data were mostly consistent with results obtained from SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. The automated AFLP procedure has considerable technical advantages compared with the manual AFLP procedure, but a thorough visual analysis of the DNA profiles was required to avoid misidentification of some Burkholderia cepacia genomovar III strains.
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Detection of three different types of ‘Tropheryma whippelii’ directly from clinical specimens by sequencing, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and type-specific PCR of their 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer region
More LessThe 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of organisms identical with or closely related to ‘Tropheryma whippelii’, the uncultivated causative agent of Whipple’s disease, was analysed directly from 38 clinical specimens of 28 patients using a specific nested PCR followed by direct sequencing. As compared to the reference sequence in public databases, two novel ‘T. whippelii’ spacer types were recognized. In the absence of DNA-DNA hybridization data it is uncertain whether the three types found represent subtypes of a single species or three different but closely related species. Methods were developed to detect all three variants by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and by type-specific PCR assays, thus allowing the screening of large numbers of specimens. Further studies may provide a clue to the possible associations between the type of infecting strain and the various clinical presentations of Whipple’s disease.
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Successful in vitro cultivation of Borrelia duttonii and its comparison with Borrelia recurrentis
Borrelia duttonii, the cause of East African tick-borne relapsing fever, has until now been refractory to growth in laboratory media. This spirochaete has only be propagated in mice or by tissue culture, restricting both yield and purity of cells available for research. The successful isolation of five clinical isolates of B. duttonii from patients in Central Tanzania and their comparison with Borrelia recurrentis is reported. Electron microscopy revealed spirochaetal cells with pointed ends, a mean wavelength of 1·8 μm with an amplitude of 0·8 μm, similar to the findings for B. recurrentis. Cells contained 10 periplasmic flagella inserted at each end of the spirochaete, again comparable with the counts of 8-10 flagella found in B. recurrentis. PFGE revealed a chromosome of approximately 1 Mb, a large plasmid of approximately 200 kb, and a small plasmid of 11 kb in all strains of B. duttonii and in B. recurrentis. B. duttonii possessed a further 7-9 plasmids with sizes ranging from 20 to 90 kb. In two isolates of B. duttonii, the profiles were identical. In contrast, all 18 isolates of B. recurrentis fell into one of five plasmid patterns with 3-4 plasmids ranging from 25 to 61·5 kb in addition to those of 11 and 200 kb described above. Analysis of the SDS-PAGE profiles of B. duttonii strains revealed a highmolecular-mass band of 33·4-34·2 kDa in four strains (variable large protein, VLP) and a low-molecular-mass band of 22·3 kDa in the remaining strain (variable small protein, VSP). This resembles the protein profiles found in B. recurrentis. The G+C ratio of B. duttonii was 27·6 mol%. Nucleotide sequence of the rrs gene (16S rRNA) from four B. duttonii isolates revealed 100% identity among these strains and 99·7% homology with three strains deposited by others in GenBank. The rrs gene of eight representative clinical isolates of B. recurrentis confirmed their close similarity with B. duttonii.
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Distinctive electrophoretic isoenzyme profiles in Saccharomyces sensu stricto
More LessGenetic variation among 35 strains representing the four currently recognized species of Saccharomyces sensu stricto (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces pastorianuslcarlsbergensis and Saccharomyces paradoxus) was estimated by analysing the electrophoretic mobilities of nonspecific esterases, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Twenty-two electrophoretic types were identified, a result in agreement with the phenotypic and genetic polymorphisms reported for this group of yeasts. However, the four species were clearly distinguishable based on the patterns obtained using three of the enzymes assayed, the resolving power not being improved by the introduction of data correspondent to lactate dehydrogenase. The overall diversity was higher among S. cerevisiae isolates, in contrast with S. paradoxus which showed only two patterns, one of which was common to four of the five strains studied. Concordant results from the application of the method and DNA hybridization experiments demonstrate its value for identification purposes.
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- International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Eubacterium minutum is an earlier synonym of Eubacterium tardum and has priority
More LessThe recently proposed species Eubacterium minutum and Eubacterium tardun appeared to be similar from their published descriptions. The aim of this stud was to perform phenotypic and genetic analyses of strains of both species clarify their taxonomic position. The type strains of E. minutum and E. tardun exhibited identical biochemical and protein profiles and their 16S rRNA gene sequences displayed 99·9% similarity. The G+C content of the DNA of both strains was estimated at 45 mol%. It is concluded that E. minutum and E. tardum are synonyms; E. minutum has priority. An emended description of E. minutum is given.
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- International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology: Minutes
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- International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology: Opinions
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Replacement of strain NCTC 4175, since 1963 the neotype strain of Proteus vulgaris, with strain ATCC 29905 – Opinion 70
The Judicial Commission decided that strain NCTC 4175, used as the neotyp strain of Proteus vulgaris since 1963, be replaced by strain ATCC 29905.
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- Errata
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Transfer of Thermus ruber (Loginova et al. 1984), Thermus silvanus (Tenreiro et al. 1995), and Thermus chliarophilus (Tenreiro et al. 1995) to Meiothermus gen. nov. as Meiothermus ruber comb, nov., Meiothermus silvanus comb. nov., and Meiothermus chliarophilus comb. nov., respectively, and emendation of the genus Thermus
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Volumes and issues
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