- Volume 52, Issue 6, 2002
Volume 52, Issue 6, 2002
- Articles
-
-
-
Rathayibacter caricis sp. nov. and Rathayibacter festucae sp. nov., isolated from the phyllosphere of Carex sp. and the leaf gall induced by the nematode Anguina graminis on Festuca rubra L., respectively.
Two novel species, Rathayibacter caricis sp. nov. (type strain VKM Ac-1799T = UCM Ac-618T) and Rathayibacter festucae sp. nov. (type strain VKM Ac-1390T UCM Ac-619T), are proposed for two coryneform actinomycetes found in the phyllosphere of Carex sp. and in the leaf gall induced by the plant-parasitic nematode Anguina graminis on Festuca rubra L., respectively. The strains of the novel species are typical of the genus Rathayibacter in their chemotaxonomic characteristics and fall into the Rathayibacter 16S rDNA phylogenetic cluster. They belong to two separate genomic species and differ markedly from current validly described species of Rathayibacter at the phenotypic level. The most striking feature differentiating Rathayibacter caricis sp. nov. from other species of the genus is the presence of fucose in its cell wall and Rathayibacter festucae sp. nov. can be easily recognized among other yellow-pigmented rathayibacters because of its rose-orange-coloured colonies.
-
-
-
Propionimicrobium gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate Propionibacterium lymphophilum (Torrey 1916) Johnson and Cummins 1972, 1057AL as Propionimicrobium lymphophilum comb. nov.
More LessBased upon significant differences in chemotaxonomic properties, i.e., amino acid composition of peptidoglycan, fatty acids and base composition of DNA, and supported by the phylogenetic position of the 165 rDNA sequence the species Propionibacterium lymphophilum was reclassified as Propionimicrobium lymphophilum comb. nov.
-
-
-
Desulfitobacterium metallireducens sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium that couples growth to the reduction of metals and humic acids as well as chlorinated compounds.
More LessStrain 853-15A(T) was enriched and isolated from uranium-contaminated aquifer sediment by its ability to grow under anaerobic conditions via the oxidation of lactate coupled to the reduction of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) to anthrahydroquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AHQDS). Lactate was oxidized incompletely to acetate and carbon dioxide according to the reaction CH3CHOHCOO(-)+ 2AQDS+H2O --> CH3COO(-)+ 2AHQDS+CO2. Additional electron donors utilized included formate, ethanol, butanol, butyrate, malate and pyruvate. Lactate also supported growth with Fe(III) citrate, Mn(IV) oxide, humic substances, elemental sulfur, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate, trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene serving as the electron acceptor. Growth was not observed with sulfate, sulfite, nitrate or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor. The temperature optimum for growth was 30 degrees C, but growth was also observed at 20 and 37 degrees C. The pH optimum was approximately 7.0. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain 853-15A(T) suggested that it was most closely related to Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans and closely related to Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans and Desulfitobacterium frappieri. The phylogenetic and physiological properties exhibited by strain 853-15A(T) (= ATCC BAA-636(T)) place it within the genus Desulfitobacterium as the type strain of a novel species, Desulfitobacterium metallireducens sp. nov.
-
-
-
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila sp. nov., a novel plant-associated bacterium with antifungal properties.
More LessA polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on 16 Stenotrophomonas strains from environmental and clinical sources. A group of three plant-associated isolates were shown to be phenotypically different from the other strains. This group formed a separate physiological cluster (B1) with 42% heterogeneity to the other isolates. The defining characteristics of the new species were as follows: growth at 4 degrees C and the absence of growth at 40 degrees C; the utilization of xylose as a carbon source; lower osmolytic tolerance (< 4.5% NaCl, w/v), although the isolates can produce trehalose and glucosylglycerol as osmoprotective substances; the absence of lipase and beta-glucosidase production; and antifungal activity against plant-pathogenic fungi. The whole-cell fatty acid profile of this group was different and characterized by the main fatty acids iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. Numerical analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the strains examined supports the differentiation of the physiological B1 group. By 16S rDNA analysis, three clusters were distinguished. The three strains of the B1 group formed a separate environmental cluster (E1). They showed a mean similarity of 99.5% within the cluster, and differed from strains of a second environmental cluster (E2) by 2.2% and from the clinical cluster (C) by about 3.0%. DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the taxonomic differentiation. All results led to the proposal of a new species, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila sp. nov., with strain e-p10(T) (= DSM 14405(T) = ATCC BAA-473(T)) as the type strain.
-
-
-
Unification of Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium suis as Bifidobacterium longum.
The relationships between Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium suis were examined by means of carbohydrate fermentation, DNA-DNA hybridization, ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR). The levels of DNA-DNA hybridization among the strains of B. infantis, B. longum and B. suis used in this study were 67-81% under optimal conditions (42 degrees C) and 63-85% under stringent conditions (52 degrees C). Although the strains showed varied carbohydrate-fermentation patterns, the three species were divided into three types, namely the infantis type, the longum type and the suis type, by ribotyping and RAPD-PCR. On the basis of these results, strains of B. infantis, B. longum and B. suis were recognized as distinct groups within a single species. It is concluded that B. infantis and B. suis should be unified as B. longum, the latter species being divided into three biotypes, the infantis type, the longum type and the suis type, by molecular methods.
-
-
-
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene of three phototrophic bacteria and its use as a phylogenetic marker.
More LessFarnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase is essential not only for phototrophic bacteria in carotenoid biosynthesis, but also for non-phototrophic bacteria in the biosynthesis of physiologically important compounds. The gene encoding FPP synthase was assessed as a molecular marker to investigate the intermingled relationship between the phototropic and non-phototropic bacteria in the alpha-Proteobacteria based on 16S rRNA analysis. The FPP synthase amino acid sequences from three phototropic bacteria, Rhodobacter sphaeroides ATCC 11167(T), Rhodobacter capsulatus ATCC 11166(T) and Rhodovulum sulfidophilum W4(T), were determined and used in conjunction with sequences of other representative members of the alpha-, gamma- and epsilon-Proteobacteria and the low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria for phylogenetic analyses by the neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood methods. The overall topology of the FPP synthase gene tree is consistent with that of the 16S rRNA tree, producing a distinct cluster of the three phototropic bacteria. A minor discordance between the two trees was observed in the cluster of the non-phototrophic Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum USDA 110 and Mesorhizobium loti MAFF 303099; the FPP synthase genes of these two rhizobial species are highly homologous as compared with their respective 16S rRNA. The results suggest that the FPP synthase and 16S rRNA genes have the same evolutionary pattern, evolving vertically from each common ancestral gene; the FPP synthase gene, therefore, could possibly be used for further study on the molecular systematics of photosynthetic bacteria.
-
-
-
Carboxydocella thermautotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, CO-utilizing thermophile from a Kamchatkan hot spring.
More LessA novel anaerobic, thermophilic, CO-utilizing bacterium, strain 41(T), was isolated from a terrestrial hot vent on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Strain 41(T) was found to be a Gram-positive bacterium, its cells being short, straight, motile rods. Chains of three to five cells were often observed. The isolate grew only chemolithoautotrophically on CO, producing equimolar quantities of H2 and CO2 (according to the equation CO+H2O --> CO2+H2). Growth was observed in the temperature range 40-68 degrees C, with an optimum at 58 degrees C, and in the pH range 6.5-7.6, with an optimum at pH 7.0. The generation time under optimal conditions for chemolithotrophic growth was 1.1 h. The DNA G+C content was 46 +/- 1 mol%. Growth was completely inhibited by penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin and neomycin. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic features, it is proposed that this isolate represents a new genus and species, Carboxydocella thermautotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 41(T) = DSM 12356(T) = VKM B-2282(T)).
-
-
-
DNA-DNA reassociation and phenotypic data indicate synonymy between Aeromonas enteropelogenes Schubert et al. 1990 and Aeromonas trota Carnahan et al. 1991.
More LessMainly on the basis of phylogenetic and genotypic evidence, it has been suggested previously that the species Aeromonas enteropelogenes Schubert et al. 1990 is identical to the species Aeromonas trota Carnahan et al. 1991. Probably because the description of A. enteropelogenes preceded the proposal of A. trota by only a few months, DNA-DNA hybridizations were never performed between representative strains of these two taxa. In the present study, new DNA-DNA hybridizations between the type strain of A. enteropelogenes, LMG 12646(T) (= DSM 6394(T)), and reference strains of A. trota, including its type strain LMG 12223(T)(= ATCC 49657(T)), showed a genomic relatedness of 81-99%. In addition, phenotypic characterization revealed that the two type strains exhibited identical API 20E and API 50CHE biochemical profiles and were both susceptible to ampicillin and carbenicillin. Collectively, our new DNA reassociation and phenotypic data confirm previous taxonomic data that indicate that the taxa A. enteropelogenes and A. trota are synonymous members of the same Aeromonas species. Although the species name A. enteropelogenes has nomenclatural priority, the authors would like to discourage the use of this name because the name A. trota has been cited much more frequently. The preferential use of A. trota in future publications may be the best option to avoid ambiguity in the description of ampicillinsusceptible aeromonads and to secure nomenclatural continuity in Aeromonas literature.
-
-
-
Pseudomonas costantinii sp. nov., another causal agent of brown blotch disease, isolated from cultivated mushroom sporophores in Finland.
Pathogenic bacteria are frequently associated with mushroom sporophores exhibiting brown blotch disease symptoms. These bacteria belong mainly to Pseudomonas tolaasii or occasionally to 'Pseudomonas reactans'. Although a group of isolates originating from some Finnish mushroom farms satisfied the two characteristic criteria for diagnosis of infection with P. tolaasii (i.e. yielding a typical brown blotch symptom on Agaricus bisporus sporophores and producing a typical white line in agar when streaked towards the 'P. reactans' LMG 5329 inducing strain), results based on numerical taxonomy, siderotyping, DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analyses supported the view that these isolates constituted a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas costantinii. The type strain is PS 3a(T) (= CFBP 5705(T) = HAMBI 2444(T)).
-
-
-
Bacillus luciferensis sp. nov., from volcanic soil on Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago.
Aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria were found in soil taken from an active fumarole on Lucifer Hill, Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis, SDS-PAGE, repetitive element primed-PCR (rep-PCR) and routine phenotypic tests suggested that six of the isolates represent a novel taxon, and 16S rDNA sequence comparisons support the proposal of a novel species, Bacillus luciferensis sp. nov., the type strain of which is strain LMG 18422(T) (= CIP 107105(T)).
-
-
-
Mycobacterium holsaticum sp. nov.
More LessStrains of a novel species of the rapidly growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium holsaticum sp. nov., were isolated from various clinical specimens. The isolates grew at 22-40 degrees C, were positive for nitrate and tellurite reduction, had phosphatase, urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities, were resistant to isoniazid and rifampin and were susceptible to streptomycin and ethambutol. Analyses of the 165 rRNA gene and a fragment of the heat-shock protein gene hsp65 revealed unique nucleotide sequences. A phylogenetic analysis based on the comparison of the 16S rDNA sequence with that of other mycobacterial species allocated the strain to the rapidly growing mycobacteria. A conspicuous characteristic of the novel species is the similarity of the species-specific sequence of the 16S rRNA gene to the sequence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, resulting in a cross-reaction with the AccuProbe for the M. tuberculosis complex when performed with a 5 min selection step. The type strain of the novel species is strain 1406(T) ( = DSM 44478(T) = CCUG 46266(T)). Another strain of M. holsaticum sp. nov., strain 5050, which differed in the internal transcribed spacer sequence, was deposited as DSM 44479 ( = CCUG 46267).
-
-
-
Classification of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-metabolizing bacterium, Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1, as Mycobacterium vanbaalenii sp. nov.
More LessA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-utilizing Mycobacterium strain, PYR-1(T), was isolated from petroleum-contaminated estuarine sediments and has been shown by 16S rRNA gene sequencing to be closely related to Mycobacterium aurum ATCC 23366(T) and Mycobacterium vaccae ATCC 15438(T). In this investigation, the 16S rDNA, fatty acid methyl esters, DNA-DNA hybridization, PFGE analysis of restriction-digested total genomic DNA and biochemical tests were used to determine the taxonomic relationship of strain PYR-1(T) to other closely related Mycobacterium species. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain PYR-1(T) was similar to that of Mycobacterium austroafricanum ATCC 33464(T), except for one gap at position 43. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis also showed similarity to M. austroafricanum ATCC 33464(T); however, the Euclidean distance was greater than 4.0, indicating that these strains were not identical. Dot-blot DNA-DNA hybridization of strain PYR-1(T) with M. austroafricanum indicated less than 40% relatedness. When the total chromosomal DNA of M. aurum ATCC 23366(T), M. austroafricanum ATCC 33464(T) and strain PYR-1(T) was digested with restriction enzyme Xbal and analysed by PFGE, all three organisms gave different restriction patterns. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the reverse-phase HPLC elution profiles of mycolic acids of strain PYR-1(T) and M. austroafricanum ATCC 33464(T) have different patterns. Based on phylogenetic analysis using 165 rRNA gene sequences, fatty acid analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization and PFGE analysis and physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is concluded that strain PYR-1(T) (= DSM 7251(T) = NRRL B-24157(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium vanbaalenii sp. nov. is proposed.
-
-
-
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pediococcus, including Pediococcus claussenii sp. nov., a novel lactic acid bacterium isolated from beer.
More LessPediococci are found in foods and on plants and as beer-spoilage agents. The goal of the present study was to use the DNA sequences of the first three variable regions of the 165 rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer region sequence and approximately a third of the 60 kDa heat-shock protein gene to elucidate phylogenetic groupings within the genus Pediococcus. Phylogenetic trees were created with sequence data from 31 Pediococcus and three Lactobacillus isolates. Complete 16S rRNA gene sequences from selected Pediococcus isolates were also examined. The results were interpreted in relation to the currently accepted Pediococcus species. We found that, where previously done, speciation of many Pediococcus isolates is inaccurate. Also, one grouping of seven isolates did not include any currently recognized Pediococcus species type isolate. Our phylogenetic analyses support the conclusion that these seven isolates, all of brewing spoilage origin, belong to a novel species, for which the name Pediococcus claussenii sp. nov. is proposed (type strain P06(T0 = ATCC BAA-344(T) = DSM 14800(T)). Phylogenetic analysis has therefore helped to resolve problems surrounding species identification of Pediococcus isolates.
-
-
-
Streptomyces avermitilis sp. nov., nom. rev., a taxonomic home for the avermectin-producing streptomycetes.
More LessThe taxonomic status of 'Streptomyces avermitilis' strain MA-4680 was established using a polyphasic approach. Strain MA-4680 formed a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rDNA streptomycete tree, and it was evident from the almost complete 16S rDNA sequence data that it was most closely related to Streptomyces cinnabarinus, Streptomyces griseochromogenes, Streptomyces resistomycificus and Streptomyces viridochromogenes. However, strain MA-4680 was readily distinguished from the type strains of these species by using a range of phenotypic properties, notably morphological and pigmentation features. The combined genotypic and phenotypic datasets indicate that the organism forms a recognizable centre of variation within the genus Streptomyces. It is proposed that 'Streptomyces avermitilis' be formally recognized as a species of Streptomyces. The type strain is MA-4680(T) (ATCC 31267(T) = NCIMB 12804(T0 = NRRL 8165(T)).
-
-
-
Enterovibrio norvegicus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the gut of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae: a new member of the family Vibrionaceae.
More LessTwenty-two isolates originating from the gut of healthy cultured turbot larvae in Norway were investigated using a polyphasic approach. Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting analysis showed that the isolates have typical patterns and form two main groups. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belong to the gamma-Proteobacteria, with Vibrio hollisae as their closest neighbour. DNA-DNA hybridization, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses further proved that these isolates represent a tight novel taxon that differs from currently described species in the family Vibrionaceae. It is proposed that these novel isolates be accommodated in a new genus, Enterovibrio gen. nov., with Enterovibrio norvegicus sp. nov. as the type species. Isolates were motile by a polar flagellum, positive for oxidase, catalase, arginine dihydrolase and beta-galactosidase, but negative for the Voges-Proskauer reaction. They produced indole, did not reduce nitrate and were resistant to the vibriostatic agent O/129. The DNA G+C content of E. norvegicus was 47.1-47.9 mol%. The type strain is E. norvegicus LMG 19839(T) (= CAIM 430(T)).
-
-
-
Identification of the bacterial endosymbionts in leaf galls of Psychotria (Rubiaceae, angiosperms) and proposal of 'Candidatus Burkholderia kirkii' sp. nov.
More LessThis paper reports the identification of bacterial endosymbionts inhabiting the leaf galls of Psychotria kirkii. A phylogenetic approach was used to reveal the identity of these as yet uncultivable bacterial endophytes. Based on the analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, evolutionary trees were constructed that place the endosymbiont in the genus Burkholderia. Low levels of sequence identity and rather large evolutionary distances to the closest validly named relatives indicate that these symbiotic bacteria represent a novel species. Until cultivation is successful or until more phenotypic data become available the provisional name 'Candidatus Burkholderia kirkii' sp. nov. is proposed.
-
-
-
Sphingopyxis witflariensis sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge.
More LessClassification of strain W-50(T), which was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant, was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain W-50(T) were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive and yellow-pigmented. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the main respiratory lipoquinone system and polar lipid fingerprints were characterized by the presence of a sphingoglycolipid, suggesting that strain W-50(T) belongs to the alpha-4 subclass of the Proteobacteria. Sequencing and comparative analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of strain W-50(T) supported its chemotaxonomic allocation as an alpha-4 proteobacterium. The most closely related established taxa were species of the genus Sphingopyxis, including Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida (97.3% similarity) and Sphingopyxis terrae (96-4% similarity), and Sphingomonas taejonensis (97.3%). These findings were supported by both the polyamine content, which consisted mainly of spermidine [12.9 micromol (g dry wt)(-1)], and the presence of 2-OH 14:0, 2-OH 15:0 and 2-OH 16:0 in the cellular fatty acid profile. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments resulted in similarity values of 31.9% between strain W-50(T) and Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida IFO 15033(T), 44.9% between strain W-50(T) and Sphingopyxis terrae IFO 15098(T) and 31.0% between strain W-50(T) and Sphingomonas taejonensis KCTC 2884(T). Based upon results obtained by detailed physiological/biochemical testing and previously published molecular evidence, strain W-50(T) was clearly distinguishable from all other Sphingopyxis species. For these reasons, the creation of a novel species, Sphingopyxis witflariensis sp. nov., is proposed; strain W-50(T) (= DSM 14551(T) = CIP 107174(T)) is the type strain.
-
-
-
Emended description of Rickettsia felis (Bouyer et al. 2001), a temperature-dependent cultured bacterium.
On the basis of phenotypic data obtained on the strain Marseille-URRWFXCal2(T), isolated from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis, the description of Rickettsia felis (Bouyer et al., 2001) is emended and Marseille-URRWFXCal2(T) is proposed as the type strain of the species. On the basis of polyphasic characterization, especially the inability to grow at temperatures higher than 32 degrees C on Vero cells that allow growth of other Rickettsia to at least 35 degrees C, it is confirmed that this agent, although different from other recognized rickettsial species, is genotypically indistinguishable from bacteria previously detected within cat fleas and provisionally named ELB. Comparison of the phenotypic characteristics previously described for R. felis and those observed for the isolate in this study indicated some differences, although concurrent analysis of the two was not possible as no extant isolates of the first isolate of R. felis exist.
-
-
-
Lentibacillus salicampi gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt field in Korea.
More LessA Gram-variable, aerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, SF-20(T), which was isolated from a salt field in Korea, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Cells of this organism were motile by means of single flagella. Strain SF-20(T) grew optimally in the presence of 4-8% NaCl. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinone is MK-7. Strain SF-20(T) has a cellular fatty acid profile containing major amounts of branched fatty acids. The major fatty acids are anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The cellular phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the DNA is 44 mol%. Strain SF-20(T) is phylogenetically closely related to the genus Bacillus and some related genera and, particularly, formed a coherent cluster with the genera Salibacillus and Virgibacillus. The clustering fidelity between strain SF-20(T) and the cluster comprising these two genera was supported by bootstrap analysis at a confidence level of 67.2%. Strain SF-20(T) exhibited levels of 16S rDNA similarity of 93.0-94.7% to the genus Salibacillus and 94.0-94.1% to the genus Virgibacillus. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SF-20(T) should be classified in a novel genus and species, for which the name Lentibacillus salicampi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain SF-20(T) (= KCCM 41560(T) = JCM 11462(T)).
-
-
-
Halomonas muralis sp. nov., isolated from microbial biofilms colonizing the walls and murals of the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria).
More LessA group of seven halophilic strains (optimal growth at 2.5-10.0% NaCl) was isolated from samples of a wall and a mural painting, both heavily contaminated by microbial growth, inside the Saint-Catherine chapel of Castle Herberstein (Austria). The strains were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study that included DNA-DNA relatedness studies, DNA base-ratio determinations, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting, fatty acid analysis and phenotypic and biochemical characterization. The data obtained indicate that the strains belong to the genus Halomonas and represent a novel species, for which the name Halomonas muralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain LMG 20969(T) ( = DSM 14789(T)).
-
-
-
Rhodopseudomonas faecalis sp. nov., a phototrophic bacterium isolated from an anaerobic reactor that digests chicken faeces.
More LessFive isolates of a previously undescribed species of purple non-sulfur phototrophic bacteria were characterized. They were Gram-negative, had mobile, budding vibrioid cells and contained lamellar intracytoplasmic membranes. Cultures produced red pigments in the light. Live cells of photosynthetic cultures exhibited absorption maxima at 382, 460-464, 494-496, 534-538, 596, 804-806 and 870-874 nm, indicating the presence of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids belonging to the spirilloxanthin series in cells. The new isolates grew anaerobically or microaerobically in the light, but not aerobically in the dark. Optimal growth occurred at 35-40 degrees C and at pH 6.5-8.5. Various organic compounds were used as photosynthetic electron donors and carbon sources. Sulfate was used as sulfur source for growth. Ubiquinone 10 was synthesized as the major quinone. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain gc(T), a representative of the new isolates, was closest to Rhodopseudomonas palustris, with a similarity of 97.5%. DNA-DNA hybridization further distinguished strain gc(T) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris at the species level. Therefore, the name Rhodopseudomonas faecalis sp. nov. was proposed for the new isolates. The type strain is gc(T) ( = AS1.2176(T) = JCM 11668(T)).
-
-
-
Runella zeae sp. nov., a novel gram-negative bacterium from the stems of surface-sterilized Zea mays.
More LessA Gram-negative bacterium, designated NS12(T), was previously isolated from duplicate treatments of surface-sterilized Zea mays stems. The plants were grown in synthetic soil under greenhouse conditions and watered with fertilizer containing no nitrogen. Strain NS12(T) was not isolated from plants watered with the standard level or 20% (w/v) of the standard level of nitrogen. Cells were bent rods that formed chains of irregular shapes in R2A broth. Unlike its closest described relative Runella slithyformis, strain NS12(T) fermented glucose and sucrose. The G+C content was 49 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the strain was a member of the domain Bacteria and is most closely related to R. slithyformis, a member of the Flexibacter group within the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses indicated that strain NS12(T) could not be assigned to any recognized species; therefore a new species designated Runella zeae sp. nov. is proposed, for which NS12(T) ( = ATCC BAA-293(T) = LMG 21438(T)) is the type strain.
-
-
-
Pseudomonas salomonii sp. nov., pathogenic on garlic, and Pseudomonas palleroniana sp. nov., isolated from rice.
A total of 26 strains, including 15 strains isolated from garlic plants with the typical symptoms of 'Café au lait' disease and 11 strains isolated from diseased or healthy rice seeds and sheaths infested by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, were compared with 70 type or reference strains of oxidase-positive pathogenic or non-pathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads. The strains were characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Numerical taxonomy of phenotypic characteristics showed that the garlic and rice strains were related to each other. However, they clustered into separate phenons, distinct from those of the other strains tested, and were different in several nutritional tests. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization, the garlic and rice strains constituted two distinct DNA hybridization groups, indicating that they belonged to separate species. The two groups of strains were also well differentiated by siderotyping. Garlic strains were pathogenic to garlic plants and either weakly pathogenic or non-pathogenic on rice; rice strains were either weakly pathogenic or non-pathogenic on rice and non-pathogenic on garlic. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the two groups of strains belonged to the y-Proteobacteria and to the genus Pseudomonas. The names Pseudomonas salomonii sp. nov. and Pseudomonas palleroniana sp. nov. are respectively proposed for the garlic strains and the rice strains. The type strains are P. salomonii CFBP 2022(T) ( = ICMP 14252(T) = NCPPB 4277(T)) and P. palleroniana CFBP 4389(T) (= ICMP 14253(T) = NCPPB 4278(T)).
-
-
-
Investigation of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Bartonella based on comparative sequence analysis of the rnpB gene, 16S rDNA and 23S rDNA.
More LessA variety of genes and analytical methods have been applied to the study of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Bartonella, but so far the results have been inconsistent. While previous studies analysed single protein-encoding genes, we have analysed an alignment containing the sequences of three important phylogenetic markers, RNase P RNA, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA, merged by catenation, to determine the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Bartonella. The dataset described here comprises 13 different Bartonella strains, including the seven strains that are known to be human pathogens. A variety of algorithms have been used to construct phylogenetic trees based on the combined alignment and, for comparison purposes, each individual gene. Trees generated from the catenated alignment are more consistent (independent of algorithm) and robust (higher bootstrap support). It is suggested that a phylogenetic analysis incorporating the RNase P RNA, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA be used to study the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Bartonella.
-
-
-
Sphingomonas melonis sp. nov., a novel pathogen that causes brown spots on yellow Spanish melon fruits.
A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on the phytopathogenic bacterial strains DAPP-PG 224(T) and DAPP-PG 228, which cause brown spot on yellow Spanish melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus) fruits. Based on the presence of glucuronosyl ceramide (SGL-1) in cellular lipids, the results of fatty acid analysis and 16S rDNA sequence comparison, the strains had been identified as belonging to the genus Sphingomonas and as phylogenetically related to Sphingomonas mali, Sphingomonas pruni and Sphingomonas asaccharolytica. The levels of 16S rDNA sequence similarity of these three species to strain DAPP-PG 224(T) were respectively 98.0, 98.0 and 97.4%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments between strains pathogenic on melon fruit and S. mali, S. pruni and S. asaccharolytica revealed < or = 16% relatedness. Based on these results, the two isolates studied are regarded as independent from the type strains of the three species mentioned above. Sphingomonas strains from melon fruits are recognized as forming a genetically and phenotypically discrete species and to be differentiated by phenotypic characteristics from all 29 named species of the genus. Thus, the name Sphingomonas melonis sp. nov. is proposed for the isolates from diseased melon fruits. The type strain is DAPP-PG 224(T) (= LMG 19484(T) = DSM 14444(T)). The G+C content of DNA of the type strain is 65.0 mol%.
-
-
-
16S rDNA sequence analysis of environmental Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALO) reveals extensive diversity.
More LessBdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALO) are Gram-negative, predatory bacteria that inhabit terrestrial, freshwater and salt-water environments. Historically, these organisms have been classified together despite documented genetic differences between isolates. The genetic diversity of these microbes was assessed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Primers that selectively amplify predator 16S rDNA, and not contaminating prey DNA, were utilized to study 17 freshwater and terrestrial and nine salt-water BALO isolates. When the 16S rDNA sequences were compared with representatives of other bacterial classes, 25 of the 26 BALO isolates clustered into two groups. One group, supported 100% by bootstrap analysis, included all of the Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus isolates. Each member of this group was isolated from either a freshwater or terrestrial source. The genetic distance between these isolates was less than 12%. The other group, supported 94% by bootstrap analysis, includes Bacteriovorax starrii, Bacteriovorax stolpii and the salt-water isolates. The salt-water isolates form a subgroup (83% by bootstrap) and differ within the subgroup by less than 110%. This observation implies that the salt-water isolates arose from Bacteriovorax progenitors. The difference between isolates in different clades is over 17%, a quantity similar to differences between bacterial species in different classes. However, both the Bdellovibrio and Bacteriovorax clades were closest to other representatives of the delta-Proteobacteria using maximum-likelihood. One freshwater isolate, James Island, was distinct from all other BALO (> 19%), but differed from Pseudomonas putida, a member of the gamma-Proteobacteria, by only 3%. Thus, by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the BALO appear to have multiple origins, contrary to the unified taxonomic grouping based on morphology and natural history. These observations are consistent with the need to review and revise the taxonomy of these organisms.
-
-
-
Citricoccus muralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a medieval wall painting.
A Gram-positive, aerobic, spherical actinobacterium, designated strain 4-0(T), was isolated from a medieval wall painting and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. The peptidoglycan of strain 4-0(T) was of type A4alpha, with lysine as the diagnostic cell wall diamino acid and an interpeptide bridge of Lys-Gly-Glu. Its quinone system contained predominantly MK-9(H2) (64%) and its polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, four unknown glycolipids, two unknown phospholipids and an unknown lipid. The fatty acid profile of strain 4-0(T) was represented by significant amounts of ai-C15:0 and moderate amounts of ai-C17:0, i-C16:0 and i-C15:0 fatty acids. Spermidine was predominant in the polyamine pattern. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68 mol%. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence studies revealed the highest similarity values (95.4-96.1%) between strain 4-0(T) and species of the genus Micrococcus and certain species of the genus Arthrobacter, including Arthrobacter pascens DSM 20545(T), Arthrobacter ramosus DSM 20546(T), Arthrobacterprotophormiae DSM 20168(T), Arthrobacternicotianae DSM 20123(T) and Arthrobacter globiformis DSM 20124(T). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that strain 4-0(T) branches deeply on the Micrococcus lineage. Because it is almost equidistant phylogenetically from the genera Micrococcus and Arthrobacter and possesses significant differences in chemotaxonomic characteristics from members of these genera, it is suggested that strain 4-0(T) be classified as a novel species in a new genus; the name Citricoccus muralis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 4-0(T) (= DSM 11442(T) CCM 4981(T)).
-
-
-
Shewanella olleyana sp. nov., a marine species isolated from a temperate estuary which produces high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
More LessTwo polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) producing strains (ACEM 6 and ACEM 9(T)) isolated from a temperate, humic-rich river estuary in Tasmania, Australia, were found to be members of the genus Shewanella. These strains were able to utilize humic compounds (tannic acid) and derivatives (2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate) as sole carbon sources and as electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration. The major fatty acids were typical of the genus Shewanella; however, PUFAs mostly made up of eicosapentaenoic acid were produced at high levels (10.2-23.6% of total fatty acids) and at relatively high incubation temperatures (10.2% at 24 degrees C). Sequence analysis indicated that ACEM 6 and ACEM 9(T) had identical 16S rDNA sequences and were most closely related to Shewanella japonica (sequence similarity 97.1%). DNA hybridization and phenotypic characteristics confirmed that the isolates constituted a novel species of the genus Shewanella, which is designated Shewanella olleyana sp. nov. (type strain ACEM 9(T) = ACAM 644(T) = LMG 21437(T)).
-
-
-
Paenibacillus daejeonensis sp. nov., a novel alkaliphilic bacterium from soil.
The taxonomy of soil isolates AP-20(T) and AP-37 was examined. These alkaliphilic organisms grew over a wide pH range (pH 7.0-13.0). The growth rate was higher at pH 8.0-12.0 than at pH 7.0. The G+C composition of these strains averaged 53 mol%. These strains contained MK-7 as the main respiratory quinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major cellular fatty acid of the isolates was 12-methyltetradecanoic acid. Levels of 16S rDNA similarity between strain AP-20(T), AP-37 and other Paenibacillus species were 94.2-90.2%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence revealed that strains AP-20(T) and AP-37 formed an evolutionary lineage distinct from other Paenibacillus species. Based on the evaluation of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and on 16S rDNA sequence comparison, the new species Paenibacillus daejeonensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is AP-20(T) ( = KCTC 3745(T) = JCM 11236(T)).
-
-
-
Pseudomonas extremorientalis sp. nov., isolated from a drinking water reservoir.
On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, a novel species belonging to the genus Pseudomonas sensu stricto was identified. The saprophytic, fluorescent bacterium, designated KMM 3447(T), was isolated from a drinking water reservoir near Vladivostok City, Russia. The novel organism was a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produced a cyclic depsipeptide with surface-active properties. It degraded casein, but did not degrade gelatin, starch, agar or Tween 80. The bacterium was also haemolytic. Growth of the novel bacterium occurred between 4 and 35 degrees C. The predominant cellular fatty acids of the novel pseudomonad were C16:0, C16:1(n-7), C18:1(n-7) and C17.0 cyclo; branched fatty acids were only found in trace amounts. The G+C content of the novel bacterium was 61.0 mol%. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the novel bacterium had a clear affiliation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and species closely related to this recognized pseudomonad. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the novel bacterium bound at low levels (27-53%) with the DNA of the type strains of its nearest phylogenetic relatives, namely Pseudomonas tolaasii, Pseudomonas veronii, Pseudomonas orientalis and Pseudomonas rhodesiae, indicating that the novel bacterium represented a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas extremorientalis is proposed; the type strain is KMM 3447(T) (= LMG 19695(T)).
-
-
-
Rhodococcus maanshanensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete from soil.
More LessA polyphasic study was undertaken to establish the taxonomic position of a soil isolate that had provisionally been assigned to the genus Rhodococcus. The organism showed a combination of phenotypic properties typical of rhodococci and formed a distinct phyletic line within the Rhodococcus erythropolis 165 rDNA subclade. The organism was readily distinguished from representatives of validly described species classified in this subclade on the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data. Consequently, it is proposed that the organism be recognized as a novel species of Rhodococcus, Rhodococcus maanshanensis sp. nov. The type strain is strain M712(T) (= AS 4.1720(T) = JCM 11374(T)).
-
-
-
Two novel psychrotolerant species, Bacillus psychrotolerans sp. nov. and Bacillus psychrodurans sp. nov., which contain ornithine in their cell walls.
More LessEleven psychrotolerant Bacillus strains with ornithine as diamino acid in position 3 of the peptide side chain of the cell wall and a G+C range of 35.7-38.4 mol% were characterized taxonomically. DNA-DNA hybridization studies confirmed previously physiologically established groups. High DNA-binding values (> 70%) were found within groups I A (consisting of the type strain of Bacillus insolitus DSM 5(T) and Bacillus insolitus DSM 2272), I B (consisting of isolates 3H1(T0, 71H1, 84E1, 87H2 and 4H2) and I C (consisting of isolates 68E39T), 61E1, 4E3 and 67E1). Low DNA-binding values (< 60%) were revealed between the three groups. Consequently, strains of groups I B and I C were considered as being representatives of new psychrotolerant species. For group I B strains the name Bacillus psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain 3H1(T) (= DSM 11706(T) = NCIMB 13838(T)) and for group I C strains the name Bacillus psychrodurans sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain 68E3(T) (= DSM 11713(T) = NCIMB 13837(T)).
-
-
-
Mycobacterium lacus sp. nov., a novel slowly growing, non-chromogenic clinical isolate.
A strain of a novel non-chromogenic mycobacterium was isolated from synovial tissue from a 68-year-old female with bursitis of her right elbow. The slowly growing strain had a unique PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA) profile of the hsp65 gene and 16S rRNA gene sequence in comparison with other mycobacterium species. The most closely related species, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, are Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans and members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The HPLC and biochemical profiles resembled those of Mycobacterium gastri, although differences were noted in the peak-height ratio of the HPLC pattern and the nitrate and pyrazinamidase tests. On the basis of PRA, HPLC, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, the name Mycobacterium lacus sp. nov. is proposed for this potential pathogen. The type strain is strain NRCM 00-255(T) (= ATCC BAA-323(T) = DSM 44577(T)).
-
-
-
Growth requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov.
More LessTwo newly isolated strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria from human faeces are shown here to be related to Fusobacterium prausnitzii, which is regarded as one of the most abundant colonizers of the human colon. These strains, along with Fusobacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27768(T) and 27766, are non-motile and produce butyrate, formate and lactate, but not hydrogen as fermentation products. A new finding is that all four strains produce D-lactate, but not L-lactate. The strains have a requirement for acetate in the growth medium and this may account for the previously reported requirement for rumen fluid. The DNA G+C content of the four strains is 47-57 mol%. Together with phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing, this establishes that Fusobacterium prausnitzii strains are only distantly related to Fusobacterium sensu stricto and are more closely related to members of Clostridium cluster IV (the Clostridium leptum group). It is proposed that a new genus, Faecalibacterium gen. nov. be created; this genus should include Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov. ATCC 27768(T) (= NCIMB 13872(T)) (formerly Fusobacterium prausnitzii) as the type species together with ATCC 27766 and the newly isolated strains A2-165 and L2-6.
-
-
-
Paenibacillus brasilensis sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the maize rhizosphere in Brazil.
More LessSixteen nitrogen-fixing strains isolated from the rhizosphere of maize planted in Cerrado soil, Brazil, which showed morphological and biochemical characteristics similar to the gas-forming Paenibacillus spp., were phenotypically and genetically characterized. Their identification as members of the genus Paenibacillus was confirmed by using specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene. SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins, API 50CH, morphological and biochemical tests, amplified rDNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA), DNA-relatedness analyses, denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene sequence determinations were performed to characterize the novel isolates and to compare them to strains of other nitrogen-fixing Paenibacillus spp. Phenotypic analyses showed that the 16 strains were very homogeneous and shared a high level of relatedness with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus peoriae. However, none of the novel isolates was able to ferment glycerol (positive test for P. polymyxa), L-arabinose or D-xylose (positive tests for P. polymyxa and P. peoriae) or utilize succinate (positive test for P. peoriae). Genetic approaches also indicated a high level of similarity among the novel isolates and P. polymyxa and P. peoriae, but the novel strains clearly could not be assigned to either of these two recognized species. On the basis of the features presented in this study, the 16 novel isolates were considered to represent members of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus brasilensis is proposed. The type strain is PB1 72(T) (= ATCC BAA-413(T) = DSM 14914(T)).
-
-
-
Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, N2O-producing species isolated from hot springs.
More LessTwo novel thermophilic bacterial strains, with an optimum growth temperature of between 50 and 60 degrees C, were isolated from the Chi-ban Hot Springs in eastern Taiwan. Strains CB-225 and CB-226(T) were aerobic, thermophilic, non-sporulating, yellow-pigmented heterotrophic organisms. These strains exhibited an unusual denitrification reaction, reducing nitrite, but not nitrate, with the production of N2O only. On the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, DNA-DNA similarity data, morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and fatty acid compositions, it was found that the novel strains belonged to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and represented a novel species within this genus, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis is proposed; the type strain is CB-226(T) (= ATCC BAA-404(T) = CCRC 17172(T)). P. taiwanensis differs from the only member of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, the mesophilic species Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis, in that it exhibits a higher growth temperature and different morphological characteristics, such as the absence of polar flagella.
-
-
-
Streptomyces avermectinius sp. nov., an avermectin-producing strain.
More LessWe propose the establishment of a new species, Streptomyces avermectinius, based on characterization of strain MA-4680(T) and morphological and phylogenetic comparisons with closely related members of the genus Streptomyces. The 16S rDNA sequence was obtained from this strain and used to place it among Streptomyces species using the variable alpha region and the nearly complete 16S rDNA sequence. Four Streptomyces species were selected as related species from phenotypic data, three species from phylogenetic databases on alpha region sequences and two species from phylogenetic data using nearly complete 16S rDNA sequences. Analysis of DNA-DNA hybridization tests distinguished strain MA-4680(T) from these eight Streptomyces species. The type strain is strain MA-4680(T) (= ATCC 31267(T) = NRRL 8165(T)).
-
-
-
Crossiella equi sp. nov., isolated from equine placentas.
More LessOver the course of the past decade, actinomycetes have been isolated from the placentas of horses diagnosed with nocardioform placentitis. The incidence of this infection has generally been low, with typically no more than 30 animals affected in most years, but the incidence increased through 1999, with placentas from 144 mares found to be infected. Approximately half of the cases result in loss of the foal. A typical actinomycete with branching mycelium was isolated from placental lesions, and a comparison of the sequence of the 16S rDNA gene against the public databases indicated a relationship to members of the suborder Pseudonocardineae. Phylogenetic analysis of representative isolates revealed a close relationship to Crossiella cryophila, and subsequent polyphasic comparisons determined that these isolates represent a novel species of Crossiella, for which the name Crossiella equi sp. nov. is proposed, with strain LDDC 22291-98(T) (= NRRL B-24104(T) = DSM 44580(T)) as the type strain.
-
-
-
Thioalkalispira microaerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel lithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a soda lake.
More LessAn anaerobic enrichment medium (pH 10) with thiosulfate as electron donor and nitrate as electron acceptor was inoculated with sediment from soda lake Fazda (Wadi Natrun, Egypt); a novel strain, ALEN 1(T), was isolated from the subsequent enrichment culture. Cells of strain ALEN 1(T) had a spiral morphology (0.3-0.45 x 1-4 microm), were motile and had a single polar flagellum. Sphaeroplasts were formed by the cells and were rapidly lysed during prolonged aerobic incubation of cultures. Cells of strain ALEN 1(T) contained a membrane-associated yellow pigment. The metabolism of this novel organism was obligately chemolithoautotrophic, and thiosulfate or sulfide were utilized as electron donors. Washed cells of strain ALEN 1(T) oxidized thiosulfate, sulfide, polysulfide and elemental sulfur to sulfate. Best growth was observed when the strain was grown under micro-oxic conditions (1-2% O2 in gas phase), whereas growth was inhibited under fully oxic conditions. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite without growth of the novel organism, but other nitrogen oxides were not utilized as electron acceptors. Strain ALEN 1(T) was alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic. It grew between pH 8 and 10.4 (optimum around pH 10) with a salt concentration of between 0.3 and 1.5 M Na+ (optimum 0-5 M). The maximum growth rate (0.08 h(-1)) of the organism was achieved in a thiosulfate-limited micro-oxic continuous culture (pH 10). Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences of strain ALEN 1(T) and its closest relatives demonstrated that this strain formed a deep branch within the gamma-Proteobacteria, with no obvious association to any described cluster of species/genera. On the basis of its unique physiological properties and distinct phylogenetic position, it is proposed that strain ALEN 1(T) (= DSM 14786(T) = UNICEM 212(T)) represents a novel genus within the gamma-Proteobacteria, for which the name Thioalkalispira is proposed. It is also proposed that the type species of this novel genus be named Thioalkalispira microaerophila.
-
-
-
Pseudomonas chloritidismutans sp. nov., a non-denitrifying, chlorate-reducing bacterium.
More LessA Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, dissimilatory chlorate-reducing bacterium, strain AW-1(T), was isolated from biomass of an anaerobic chlorate-reducing bioreactor. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence showed 100% sequence similarity to Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM 50227 and 98.6% sequence similarity to the type strain of P. stutzeri (DSM 5190(T)). The species P. stutzeri possesses a high degree of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Therefore, eight genomic groups, termed genomovars, have been proposed based upon deltaTm values, which were used to evaluate the quality of the pairing within heteroduplexes formed by DNA-DNA hybridization. In this study, DNA-DNA hybridization between strain AW-1(T) and P. stutzeri strains DSM 50227 and DSM 5190(T) revealed respectively 80.5 and 56.5% similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization between P. stutzeri strains DSM 50227 and DSM 5190(T) revealed 48.4% similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that strain AW-1(T) is not related at the species level to the type strain of P. stutzeri. However, strain AW-1(T) and P. stutzeri DSM 50227 are related at the species level. The physiological and biochemical properties of strain AW-1(T) and the two P. stutzeri strains were compared. A common characteristic of P. stutzeri strains is the ability to denitrify. However, in growth experiments, strain AW-1(T) could use only chlorate or oxygen as an electron acceptor and not nitrate, perchlorate or bromate. Strain AW-1(T) is the first chlorate-reducing bacterium described that does not possess another oxyanion-reduction pathway. Cell extracts of strain AW-1(T) showed chlorate and bromate reductase activities but not nitrate reductase activity. P. stutzeri strains DSM 50227 and DSM 5190(T) could use nitrate or oxygen as an electron acceptor, but not chlorate. Chlorate reductase activity, in addition to nitrate reductase activity, was detected in cell extracts of both P. stutzeri strains. Chlorite dismutase activity was absent in extracts of both P. stutzeri strains but was present in extracts of strain AW-1(T). Based on the hybridization experiments and the physiological and biochemical data, it is proposed that strain AW-1(T) be classified as a novel species of Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas chloritidismutans sp. nov. The type strain is strain AW-1(T) (= DSM 13592(T) = ATCC BAA-443(T)).
-
-
-
Phylogeny of Maricaulis Abraham et al. 1999 and proposal of Maricaulis virginensis sp. nov., M. parjimensis sp. nov., M. washingtonensis sp. nov. and M. salignorans sp. nov.
Thirteen marine bacteria isolated from different locations, belonging to the genus Maricaulis, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridizations and analysis of the internally transcribed 16S-23S rDNA spacer (ITS1) region, analysis of fatty acids from total lipids, mass spectrometry of polar lipids and determination of temperature and NaCl tolerances. The data obtained led to the identification of five new sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols, using tandem mass spectrometry, and the fragmentation patterns of the individual compounds. Four novel species were identified and described as Maricaulis virginensis sp. nov. (type strain VKM B-1 5139T)), Maricaulis parjimensis sp. nov. (type strain MCS 25(T)), Maricaulis washingtonensis sp. nov. (type strain MCS 6(T)) and Maricaulis salignorans sp. nov. (type strain MCS 18(T)). They differ in their temperature and salt tolerances and can be differentiated by their polar lipids and fatty acid patterns, as well as their ITS1 and 16S rRNA gene sequences.
-
-
-
Pseudomonas thermotolerans sp. nov., a thermotolerant species of the genus Pseudomonas sensu stricto.
More LessA bacterium, strain CM3(T), which has an optimal growth temperature of approximately 47 degrees C and a maximal growth temperature of 55 degrees C, was isolated from a hexadecane enrichment culture, obtained from a sample of the industrial cooking water of a cork-processing plant. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium is related to species of the genus Pseudomonas. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids of this isolate and the total fatty acid methyl ester profile revealed predominantly C16:1 and C18:1 at a growth temperature of 25 degrees C, whereas, at a growth temperature of 50 degrees C, C16:0 was the dominant fatty acid. This is the first report of a species of Pseudomonas sensu stricto that may be considered to be truly thermotolerant. Isolate CM3(T) (= DSM 14292(T) = LMG 21284(T)) represents the type strain of a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, named Pseudomonas thermotolerans sp. nov.
-
-
-
Shewanella denitrificans sp. nov., a vigorously denitrifying bacterium isolated from the oxic-anoxic interface of the Gotland Deep in the central Baltic Sea.
More LessThree strains of denitrifying estuarine bacteria, OS217(T), 05220 and OS226, were characterized for their physiological and biochemical features, fatty acid profiles and their phylogenetic position based on 16S rDNA sequences. The strains were isolated from the oxic-anoxic interface of an anoxic basin of the central Baltic Sea. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences revealed a clear affiliation with members of the genus Shewanella of the gamma-Proteobacteria. The closest sequence similarity was seen with Shewanella baltica, Shewanella putrefaciens and Shewanella frigidimarina (95-96%). The dominant fatty acids were 16:1omega7c, 15:0 iso, 16:0 and 13:0 iso. The G+C content of the DNA ranged from 46.8 to 48.1 mol%. The strains were unpigmented, polarly flagellated, mesophilic, facultatively anaerobic and able to use nitrate, nitrite and sulphite as electron acceptors. Growth was observed at salinities from 0 to 6%, with an optimum between 1 and 3%. According to their morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA sequences, the described bacteria fitted well into the genus Shewanella, but could be easily distinguished from the Shewanella species described to date. Because of their capacity for vigorous denitrification, the name Shewanella denitrificans sp. nov. is suggested for the Baltic isolates, for which the type strain is OS217(T) (= DSM 15013(T) = LMG 21692(T)).
-
-
-
Characterization of rhizobia that nodulate legume species of the genus Lespedeza and description of Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense sp. nov.
More LessLegume species belonging to the genus Lespedeza are annual or perennial herb or shrub plants that grow in the northern hemisphere. They are known for the formation of root nodules, but little information is available about their microsymbionts. In this study, 58 root-nodule isolates from Lespedeza spp., obtained from China and the USA, were characterized using numerical taxonomic analysis of phenotypic features, SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins, DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and cross-nodulation with selected legume species. From the results generated using these approaches, it was concluded that Lespedeza spp. were promiscuous hosts for rhizobia. Four main clusters of bacteria, which included 35 of the strains isolated from Lespedeza spp., were defined upon numerical taxonomic analysis; these groups corresponded to those determined from analyses of protein electrophoretic and DNA-DNA hybridization data. The four clusters were found to define strains belonging to one of four species, Sinorhizobium saheli, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium elkanii or a novel species of the genus Bradyrhizobium. The strains of B. japonicum and B. elkanii were all from the USA soil samples, and their representative strains could not nodulate soybean. The seven strains found to represent the novel Bradyrhizobium sp. were from China. These were differentiated from recognized species of the genus Bradyrhizobium by all of the taxonomic methods used here; hence, it is proposed that the novel strains isolated from Lespedeza spp. represent a novel species of the genus Bradyrhizobium, Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense. The type strain of the novel species, CCBAU 10071(T) (= CFNEB 101(T)), formed ineffective nodules on Medicago sativa and Melilotus albus but did not nodulate soybean. The other 23 bacterial strains isolated from Lespedeza spp. were found to form single branches or small groups (two to three strains) that were related to Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium spp. on the basis of numerical taxonomic analysis, indicating the possibility that other rhizobial species are also associated with Lespedeza spp.
-
-
-
Rhizobium indigoferae sp. nov. and Sinorhizobium kummerowiae sp. nov., respectively isolated from Indigofera spp. and Kummerowia stipulacea.
More LessForty-eight rhizobial isolates from root nodules of Indigofera and Kummerowia, two genera of annual or perennial wild legumes growing in the Loess Plateau in north-western China, were characterized by a polyphasic approach. Two main groups, cluster 1 and cluster 2, were defined based upon the results of numerical taxonomy, SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and DNA relatedness. All the isolates within cluster 1 were isolated from Indigofera and they were identified as Rhizobium strains by 16S rRNA gene analysis. DNA relatedness of 29.5-48.9% was obtained among the cluster 1 isolates and the reference strains for defined Rhizobium species. Cluster 2 consisted of isolates from Kummerowia stipulacea and was identified as belonging to Sinorhizobium by 16S rRNA gene analyses. DNA relatedness varied from 5.2 to 41.7% among the isolates of cluster 2 and reference strains for Sinorhizobium species. Considering the existence of distinctive features among these two groups and related species within the genera Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium, we propose two novel species, Rhizobium indigoferae sp. nov. for cluster 1, with isolate CCBAU 71714(T) (= AS 1.3046(T)) as the type strain, and Sinorhizobium kummerowiae sp. nov. for cluster 2, with isolate CCBAU 71042(T) (= AS 1.3045(T)) as the type strain.
-
-
-
Paenibacillus turicensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium harbouring heterogeneities between 16S rRNA genes.
More LessA Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacterium (strain MOL722(T)) was characterized using phenotypic and molecular methods. Fatty acid analysis and biochemical examination indicated that the isolate belongs to the Gram-positive bacteria with low DNA G+C content, probably to the genus Paenibacillus. Direct sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed ambiguities, suggesting heterogeneity. Cloned 16S rDNA yielded seven different sequences varying at 15 positions, with one being an insertion. The isolate shares 98.5% sequence similarity with Paenibacillus sp. P15-9, but less than 94% similarity with other paenibacilli and bacilli. Phylogenetic analysis with different treeing methods revealed that strain MOL722(T), together with Paenibacillus sp. P15-9, forms a novel monophyletic clade within the genus Paenibacillus. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium is classified as the novel species Paenibacillus turicensis sp. nov., the type strain of which is strain MOL722(T) (= DSM 14349(T) = NCCB 100011(T)).
-
-
-
Geobacillus toebii sp. nov., a novel thermophilic bacterium isolated from hay compost.
A thermophilic, spore-forming rod isolated from hay compost in Korea was subjected to a taxonomic study. The micro-organism, designated strain SK-1(T), was identified as being aerobic, Gram-positive, motile and rod-shaped. Growth of the isolate was observed at 45-70 degrees C (optimum 60 degrees C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.5). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 43.9 mol%. Chemotaxonomic characteristics of the isolate included the presence of mesodiaminopimelic acid in the cell wall and iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 as the major cellular fatty acids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain SK-1(T) were the same as those of the genus Geobacillus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that strain SK-1(T) is most closely related to Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. However, the phenotypic properties of strain SK-1(T) were clearly different from those of G. thermoglucosidasius. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SK-1(T) and the type strain of G. thermoglucosidasius was 27%. On the basis of the phenotypic traits and molecular systematic data, strain SK-1(T) represents a novel species within the genus Geobacillus, for which the name Geobacillus toebii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain SK-1(T) (= KCTC 0306BP(T) - DSM 14590(T)).
-
-
-
Rothia amarae sp. nov., from sludge of a foul water sewer.
A Gram-positive bacterium, strain J18(T), isolated from sludge of a foul water sewer, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterium based on its 16S rDNA sequence showed that it belongs to the genus Rothia and forms a distinct phyletic clade with the type strain of Rothia nasimurium. Morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics supported the assignment of this organism to the genus Rothia and distinguished it from the type strains of all validly described Rothia species. Therefore, it is proposed that this bacterium be classified in the genus Rothia as Rothia amarae sp. nov. The type strain is strain J18(T) (= AS 4.1721(T) = JCM 11375(T)).
-
-
-
Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a dinitrogen-fixing, cellulolytic, endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacterium isolated from the gills of wood-boring molluscs (Bivalvia: Teredinidae).
More LessA cellulolytic, dinitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the gill tissue of a wood-boring mollusc (shipworm) Lyrodus pedicellatus of the bivalve family Teredinidae and 58 additional strains with similar properties, isolated from gills of 24 bivalve species representing 9 of 14 genera of Teredinidae, are described. The cells are Gram-negative, rigid, rods (0.4-0.6 x 3-6 microm) that bear a single polar flagellum. All isolates are capable of chemoheterotrophic growth in a simple mineral medium supplemented with cellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy. Xylan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, cellobiose and a variety of sugars and organic acids also support growth. Growth requires addition of combined nitrogen when cultures are vigorously aerated, but all isolates fix dinitrogen under microaerobic conditions. The pH, temperature and salinity optima for growth were determined for six isolates and are approximately 8.5, 30-35 degrees C and 0.3 M NaCl respectively. The isolates are marine. In addition to NaCl, growth requires elevated concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ that reflect the chemistry of seawater. The DNA G+C content ranged from 49 to 51 mol%. Four isolates were identical with respect to small-subunit rRNA sequence over 891 positions compared and fall within a unique clade in the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic characteristics and specific symbiotic association with teredinid bivalves, a new genus and species, Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is T7902(T) (= ATCC 39867(T) = DSM 15152(T)).
-
-
-
Characterization of a novel halophilic archaeon, Halobiforma haloterrestris gen. nov., sp. nov., and transfer of Natronobacterium nitratireducens to Halobiforma nitratireducens comb. nov.
More LessStrain 135(T), a novel red-pigmented, aerobic, extremely halophilic member of the Archaea showing rod, coccus and slightly pleomorphic morphology, was isolated from hypersaline soil close to Aswan (Egypt). This organism is neutrophilic, motile and requires at least 2.2 M NaCl, but no MgCl2, for growth and exhibits optimal growth at 42 degrees C. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of sulfated triglycosyl diether and triglycosyl diether as the sole glycolipids as well as the absence of the glycerol diether analogue of phosphatidyl glycerosulfate. C20:C20 and C20:C25 core lipids are present in almost equal proportions. The G+C content of the DNA is 66.9 mol%. 16S rDNA analysis revealed that strain 135(T) was a member of the phyletic group defined by the family Halobacteriaceae, but there was a low degree of similarity to other members of this family. Highest similarity values of 96.4 and 93.8-94.3% were obtained to the 16S rDNA of Natronobacterium nitratireducens and Natronobacterium gregoryi, Natronococcus occultus and Natronococcus amylolyticus. Strain 135(T) is able to accumulate polyhydroxybutyrate as intracellular reserve material. On the basis of the data presented, strain 135(T) should be placed in a new genus, Halobiforma gen. nov. as Halobiforma haloterrestris sp. nov. The type strain is strain 135(T) (= DSM 13078(T) = JCM 11627(T)). Moreover, the transfer of Natronobacterium nitratireducens to Halobiforma nitratireducens comb. nov. is proposed.
-
-
-
Characterization of Serratia isolates from soil, ecological implications and transfer of Serratia proteamaculans subsp. quinovora Grimont et al. 1983 to Serratia quinivorans corrig., sp. nov.
More LessEleven strains of Serratia were isolated from different soils and the guts of invertebrates and characterized by their sensitivity to eight indigenous bacteriophages. They were also classified according to bacteriocin production and sensitivity, BiOLOG plate and API 20E strip profiles and 16S rRNA sequence information. One strain was thus identified as Serratia plymuthica, another as Serratia fonticola. The remaining strains were shown to be closely related to Serratia proteamaculans subsp. quinovora Grimont et al. 1983 after DNA-DNA cross-hybridization demonstrated relatedness greater than 70% with the type strain of this subspecies. From an ecological perspective, our results illustrated the wide variation in sensitivity that closely related Serratia strains have towards various indigenous soil phages and that these phages have broad host ranges within the genus. Furthermore, the phage and bacteriocin interactions within the Serratia strains examined were intricate and did not reflect phylogenetic relationships. These results together imply that complex interactions will occur in soil within the natural community of Serratia strains and their bacteriophages. DNA-DNA cross-hybridization and phenotypic characterization showed that S. proteamaculans subsp. quinovora strains formed a cohesive group at the species level. It is therefore concluded that these strains should be designated as Serratia quinivorans corrig., sp. nov.
-
-
-
Nocardiopsis metallicus sp. nov., a metal-leaching actinomycete isolated from an alkaline slag dump.
A taxonomic study was carried out on a metal-mobilizing, alkaliphilic bacterium from an alkaline slag dump, strain KBS6(T). The strain produced substrate and aerial mycelia. Growth occurred in the pH range 7.0-10.5, with an optimum at pH 8.5. A salt concentration of up to 10% was tolerated, and various organic substrates were used for growth. The results of a 16S rDNA sequence comparison revealed that strain KBS6(T) belongs to the genus Nocardiopsis. DNA-DNA hybridization with the two closest relatives, Nocardiopsis exhalans and Nocardiopsis prasina, gave similarity values of 18.2 and 44.1%, respectively, which indicated that strain KBS6(T) represents a novel species of the genus Nocardiopsis. This is consistent with the morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic data. Because of the ability of this micro-organism to solubilize metals, the name Nocardiopsis metallicus sp. nov. is proposed for strain KBS6(T) (= DSM 44598(T) = NRRL B-24159(T)), this being the type strain.
-
-
-
Phylogenetic relationships amongst tetrahymenine ciliates inferred by a comparison of telomerase RNAs.
More LessThe phylogenetic relationships between ciliate species in the suborder Tetrahymenina, order Hymenostomata, was investigated by comparing their telomerase RNA (TER) sequences. This relatively small RNA is an integral part of telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of telomeric DNA. Despite a relatively rapid rate of primary sequence divergence, conserved functional and structural elements within TERs facilitate the accurate alignment of truly homologous nucleotides. The tetrahymenine phylogeny derived from distance analysis of TER sequences is largely consistent with those based on rRNA and histone sequences.
-
-
-
Cryptococcus statzelliae sp. nov. and three novel strains of Cryptococcus victoriae, yeasts isolated from Antarctic soils.
More LessA morphological and physiological characterization of yeast strains CBS 8908, CBS 8915, CBS 8920, CBS 8925(T) and CBS 8926, isolated from Antarctic soils, was performed. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of the D1/D2 regions and the adjacent internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the large-subunit rDNA of these strains placed them into the Tremellales clade of the Hymenomycetes. The sequence data identified strains CBS 8908, CBS 8915 and CBS 8920 as belonging to the species Cryptococcus victoriae. Strains CBS 8925(T) and CBS 8926 were found to represent an unique clade within the Hymenomycetes, with Dioszegia crocea CBS 6714(T) being their closest phylogenetic relative. Fatty acid composition and proteome fingerprint data for these novel strains were also obtained. No sexual state was observed. A novel basidiomycetous species, Cryptococcus statzelliae, is proposed for strains CBS 8925(T) and CBS 8926.
-
-
-
Reclassification of the Sporobolomyces roseus and Sporidiobolus pararoseus complexes, with the description of Sporobolomyces phaffii sp. nov.
More LessMore than 50 ballistoconidium-forming yeast strains, isolated from plant leaves collected in Yunnan, China, were identified as Sporobolomyces roseus Kluyver & van Niel by conventional methods. However, comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and 265 rDNA D1/D2 domain sequences indicated that these strains represented more than one species. Type or authentic strains of the synonyms of Sporobolomyces roseus and the closely related species Sporidiobolus pararoseus Fell & Tallman were employed in the rDNA sequence comparison. Sporobolomyces boleticola Ramírez, Sporobolomyces pollaccii Verona & Ciferri, Sporobolomyces roseus var. madurae Janke and Torulopsis somala Verona were confirmed to be conspecific with Sporobolomyces roseus. Another synonym of this species, Sporobolomyces salmoneus Derx, was located together with Sporobolomyces marcillae Santa Maria in a separate clade. Two synonyms of Sporidiobolus pararoseus, Sporobolomyces carnicolor Yamasaki & Fujii (nom. inval.) and Sporobolomyces japonicus Iizuka & Goto, were revealed to represent two distinct species. The name Sporobolomyces carnicolor is validated, with strain CBS 4215(T) as the type strain. A novel species represented by five of the selected Yunnan strains was confirmed, for which the name Sporobolomyces phaffii sp. nov. is proposed (type strain CH 2.052(T) = AS 2.2137(T) = JCM 11491(T) = CBS 9129(T)). This study also indicates that yeast species with similar ITS sequences may have quite different D1/D2 sequences.
-
-
-
Citeromyces siamensis sp. nov., a novel halotolerant yeast isolated in Thailand.
More LessTwo halotolerant yeast strains, H130(T) and H149, were isolated from dry salted squid and fermented soybeans, respectively, in Thailand. Both isolates grew by multilateral budding, produced asci that had one roughened spherical ascospore and contained ubiquinone Q-8. These characteristics were shared by Citeromyces matritensis, the only species of the genus Citeromyces. Strains H130(T) and H149 were differentiated from C matritensis by their ability to assimilate L-sorbose and L-lysine and to grow at 37 degrees C. The novel isolates were more tolerant to higher concentrations of cations (3 M NaCl or 0.8 M LiCI) and to higher osmotic pressure (60% glucose) than C. matritensis. A phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that the two novel isolates represented a sister species to C. matritensis. Furthermore, DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolates were clearly distinct from the type strain of C. matritensis (IFO 0954(T). Based on the above characteristics, strains H130(T) and H149 are proposed to represent a novel species within the genus Citeromyces, Citeromyces siamensis; the type strain is H130(T) (= IFO 11052(T) = JCM 11522(T) = TISTR 5777(T) = CBS 9153(T)).
-
-
-
Necessary corrections to the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names according to Rule 40d (formerly Rule 46). Request for an opinion.
More LessAccording to Rule 40d (formerly Rule 46), the authorship and dates of ten subspecies cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names should be corrected. It is requested that such changes be approved by the Judicial Commission.
-
Volumes and issues
-
Volume 74 (2024)
-
Volume 73 (2023)
-
Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
-
Volume 71 (2020 - 2021)
-
Volume 70 (2020)
-
Volume 69 (2019)
-
Volume 68 (2018)
-
Volume 67 (2017)
-
Volume 66 (2016)
-
Volume 65 (2015)
-
Volume 64 (2014)
-
Volume 63 (2013)
-
Volume 62 (2012)
-
Volume 61 (2011)
-
Volume 60 (2010)
-
Volume 59 (2009)
-
Volume 58 (2008)
-
Volume 57 (2007)
-
Volume 56 (2006)
-
Volume 55 (2005)
-
Volume 54 (2004)
-
Volume 53 (2003)
-
Volume 52 (2002)
-
Volume 51 (2001)
-
Volume 50 (2000)
-
Volume 49 (1999)
-
Volume 48 (1998)
-
Volume 47 (1997)
-
Volume 46 (1996)
-
Volume 45 (1995)
-
Volume 44 (1994)
-
Volume 43 (1993)
-
Volume 42 (1992)
-
Volume 41 (1991)
-
Volume 40 (1990)
-
Volume 39 (1989)
-
Volume 38 (1988)
-
Volume 37 (1987)
-
Volume 36 (1986)
-
Volume 35 (1985)
-
Volume 34 (1984)
-
Volume 33 (1983)
-
Volume 32 (1982)
-
Volume 31 (1981)
-
Volume 30 (1980)
-
Volume 29 (1979)
-
Volume 28 (1978)
-
Volume 27 (1977)
-
Volume 26 (1976)
-
Volume 25 (1975)
-
Volume 24 (1974)
-
Volume 23 (1973)
-
Volume 22 (1972)
-
Volume 21 (1971)
-
Volume 20 (1970)
-
Volume 19 (1969)
-
Volume 18 (1968)
-
Volume 17 (1967)
-
Volume 16 (1966)
-
Volume 15 (1965)
-
Volume 14 (1964)
-
Volume 13 (1963)
-
Volume 12 (1962)
-
Volume 11 (1961)
-
Volume 10 (1960)
-
Volume 9 (1959)
-
Volume 8 (1958)
-
Volume 7 (1957)
-
Volume 6 (1956)
-
Volume 5 (1955)
-
Volume 4 (1954)
-
Volume 3 (1953)
-
Volume 2 (1952)
-
Volume 1 (1951)