- Volume 27, Issue 4, 1977
Volume 27, Issue 4, 1977
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Extended Numerical Taxonomy Study of Nocardia
More LessNumerical classification of 80 strains received as Nocardia using six different sets of characters was carried out. A set of 57 “differentiating” characters gave six distinct clusters: Nocardia farcinica, N. asteroides A, N. asteroides B, N. caviae, N. brasiliensis, and Gordona lentifragmenta (formerly, N. rubra). Hence, the strains received as N. asteroides were divided into three subgroups, N. farcinica, N. asteroides A, and N. asteroides B. The cluster of G. lentifragmenta was placed apart from the others, and a previous classification of this taxon as a species of Gordona was supported by the present study. The problem of a minimum number of differentiating characters necessary for numerical classification, which was considered theoretically as above 40 or 50, was studied experimentally in this study. The results supported the theoretical considerations. Inclusion of linked characters reduced the number of clusters.
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Haemophilus avium, a New Species from Chickens
More LessTwelveHaemophilus strains (previously designated group II strains by Hinz) from chickens and of uncertain taxonomic position and 29 Haemophilus paragallinarum strains were investigated. The findings indicate the existence of a hitherto unknown species, for which the name Haemophilus avium sp. nov. is proposed. The main characters which differentiate H. avium from H. paragallinarum are as follows: all of the H. avium but none of the H. paragallinarum strains tested produce catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and a-glucosidase, acidify galactose and trehalose, and do not require serum for optimal growth. Most of the H. avium strains produce yellow pigment, grow aerobically, and do not require CO2 for optimal growth. In further contrast to H. paragallinarum, none of the H. avium strains are able to cause infectious coryza of chickens. The type strain of H. avium is IPDH 2654 (= ATCC 29546).
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Revised Description, from Clinical Isolates, of Flavobacterium odoratum Stutzer and Kwaschnina 1929, and Designation of the Neotype Strain
More LessFlavobacterium odoratum Stutzer and Kwaschnina 1929 was originally meagerly described. No type strain was designated, and the species does not appear to have been referred to in the literature since it was first described. We have examined a reference strain (ATCC 4651 = NCTC 11036) of this species, one of Stutzer's strains, which we propose as the neotype strain. Of 1,500 gram-negative, non-fermentative isolates submitted to the National Collection of Type Cultures for computer-assisted identification over the last 10 years, nine conformed in their characters to the proposed neotype strain of F. odoratum. We have examined these strains in a large number of biochemical tests and in susceptibility to a range of antimicrobial agents in order to give a revised description of the organism by which it may be more easily recognized in clinical material. All 10 isolates of F. odoratum were resistant to gentamicin and carbenicillin as well as to several other antimicrobial agents generally useful in the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative, non-fermentative organisms, and this suggests that infections due to this organism might prove difficult to treat.
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Bacteroides disiens sp. nov. and Bacteroides bivius sp. nov. from Human Clinical Infections
More LessBacteroides disiens sp. nov. and Bacteroides bivius sp. nov., both isolated from human clinical specimens, are described. They are species of obligately anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, nonpigmenting, gram-negative rods that produce succinic and acetic acids (often with traces of isobutyric, isovaleric, and lactic acids) from peptone-yeast-glucose cultures. Gelatin, milk, casein, and meat are digested. Glucose, maltose, and starch, but not sucrose, are fermented. Most strains of B. bivius also ferment lactose. Hemin is required for growth. Strains of these species are phenotypically similar to those of B. melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius except that they do not form pigmented colonies. However, they do not show a high level of deoxyribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid homology with B. melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius or with each other. ATCC 29426 (= VPI 8057) is designated the type strain of B. disiens, and ATCC 29303 (= VPI 6822) is designated the type strain of B. bivius.
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Isolation and Properties of a Denitrifying Bacterium Related to Pseudomonas lemoignei
More LessA previously undescribed denitrifying bacterium was isolated from soil. The cells are small, gram negative, slightly curved rods, asporogenous, and nonmotile. Motile clones, however, have been isolated from the nonmotile parent: these cells possess a single polar flagellum. The organism shows no fermenting activity and grows only in the presence of one of the following electron acceptors: NO3 -, NO2 -, N2O, S4O6 2-, and O2. It gives a positive oxidase test and has a cytochrome c and catalase. It requires no growth factors, is a chemoorganotroph, and uses only some alcohols and organic acids as carbon and energy supply. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition is 62.2 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The bacterium bears greatest resemblance to Pseudomonas lemoignei.
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Alteromonas citrea, a New Gram-Negative, Yellow-Pigmented Species from Seawater
More LessThree strains of marine bacteria that produce a lemon-yellow, non-carotenoid pigment and a polyanionic antibiotic substance have been investigated from phenotypic and genetic standpoints. Their phenotypic characters, together with the low guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their deoxyribonucleic acids, place these strains in the genus Alteromonas Baumann et al. The main features of these strains are sufficiently different from those of the alteromonads previously described to justify placing them in a new species, for which the name Alteromonas citrea is proposed. The type strain is strain no. 10 (=NCMB 1889).
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Acetobacterium, a New Genus of Hydrogen-Oxidizing, Carbon Dioxide-Reducing, Anaerobic Bacteria
More LessA new genus of fastidiously anaerobic bacteria which produce a homoacetic fermentation is described. Cells are gram-positive, oval-shaped, short rods which are actively motile by means of one or two subterminal flagella. Hydrogen is oxidized, and carbon dioxide is reduced to acetic acid. Organic substrates which are fermented in a mineral medium include fructose, glucose, lactate, glycerate, and formate. Pantothenate is required as a growth factor. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of the type species is 39 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The name Acetobacterium is proposed for this new genus, which is tentatively placed in the family Propionibacteriaceae. The type species, Acetobacterium woodii sp. nov., is named in honor of Harland G. Wood. The type strain of A. woodii is WB1 (= ATCC 29683 and DSM 1030).
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Lactobacillus hordniae, a New Species from the Leafhopper (Hordnia circellata)
More LessA gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, originally thought by Auger (1974) to be the agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines, is commonly associated with Hordnia circellata, one of the leafhopper vectors of the disease. The bacterium has the following colonial and cellular characteristics: smooth, glistening white, or chalky colonies, 0.4 to 0.5 mm in diameter with entire margins; gram positive becoming gram variable after 5 days in culture; nonmotile and nonsporeforming; grows between 15 and 37°C with an optimum between 28 and 30°C and no growth at 9 or 45°C; optimum growth occurs at pH 6.5, with growth observed at pH 4.5 and pH 9.0. The bacterium does not survive after 5 to 7 days of growth and must be maintained on fresh medium. It is rod-shaped (0.6 by 1.5 to 2.0 μm), growing in short chains of three to four cells each, and possesses mesosomes and a cell wall of uniform thickness (28 to 35 nm) that consists of an electrondense outer layer and an inner layer resembling unit-membrane structure. The organism is a facultative anaerobe which reacts negatively in tests for cytochrome oxidase, catalase, “gelatinase,” urease, tryptophanase, and nitrate and disulfide reductase activities. No dextran or levan is produced from sucrose. It produces L-(+)-lactic acid but not D-(—)-lactic acid from glucose and sucrose fermentation, acetylmethylcarbinol, or arginine deaminase. Glucose, sucrose, galactose, maltose, fructose, trehalose, salicin, inulin, and cellobiose, but not gluconate, lactose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol, melibiose, or raffinose, were utilized as carbon sources. Its chromosome has an average guanine-plus-cytosine content of 32.75 mol%. Based on these features, the bacterium appears to be a hitherto unrecognized species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus hordniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HC-1 (= ATCC 29071).
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Serpens flexibilis gen. nov., sp. nov., an Unusually Flexible, Lactate-Oxidizing Bacterium
More LessAn extremely flexible, motile, rod-shaped bacterium (0.3 to 0.35 by 8 to 12 μm) was isolated from samples of pond mud. The organism can readily move through media containing 1% (wt/vol) agar. Only subsurface, spreading growth occurs on media containing less than 1.5% (wt/vol) agar. In agar media, cells displayed serpentine-like motility and rapidly coiled and uncoiled into a variety of knot forms. The organism possesses a gram-negative type of cell envelope with a peptidoglycan layer containing muramic acid, glucosamine, glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid, and alanine in a ratio of 1.0/1.0/1.0/1.0/2.0, respectively. The cells possess bacterial flagella which occur both in bipolar tufts (4 to 10 flagella per tuft) and, to a lesser extent, singly over the surface of the cell. The organism only grew aerobically. Among the substrates tested, lactate was the only major energy and carbon source used. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids did not support growth. Casein hydrolysate, peptone, and NH4Cl were used as nitrogen sources. Although both vitamin mixtures and yeast extract stimulated growth, no vitamins were required for growth. Cell extracts contain high levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities but only trace levels of glycolytic enzyme activities. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid of the organism is 65.8 mol% (strain PFR-1, buoyant density). For this organism, apparently previously undescribed, the name Serpens flexibilis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. flexibilis is PFR-1 (=ATCC 29606).
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Notes: Factor Analysis of Leptospira biflexa Saprophytic Serogroup Pulpudeva
More LessMajor and minor antigens of four serovars of the Pulpudeva serogroup of Leptospira biflexa were defined by factor analysis. One major factor, P14, was found to characterize the group. Another (P13) was found only in two serovars.
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Serological Specificity of Xanthomonas oryzae, Incitant of Bacterial Blight of Rice
More LessAgglutination and gel diffusion tests from 12 nomenspecies of the Xanthomonas campestris group, Xanthomonas albilineans, and individual strains of Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia stewartii, and Corynebacterium sepedonicum indicated serological distinctiveness of Xanthomonas oryzae, a member of the X. campestris group. Heat-stable, species-specific antigens were demonstrated in X. oryzae. The serological tests also revealed that most of the Xanthomonas spp. and a few Pseudomonas and Erwinia spp. shared some of the common antigens with X. oryzae. X. albilineans, A. tumefaciens, and C. sepedonicum did not share any antigen with X. oryzae.
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New Klebsiella Capsular Antigen, K82, and the Deletion of Five of Those Previously Assigned
More LessA new Klebsiella capsular antigen, K82, is established. K73, K75, K76, K77, and K78 are deleted from the scheme. K73 is a strain of Enterobacter aerogenes, and the others are identical to or in practice serologically indistinguishable from previously established K antigens. The deleted numbers will not be assigned by our laboratories to any new K antigen.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Report of the ICSB Taxonomic Subcommittee on Gram-Negative Anaerobic Rods †
More LessThe asaccharolytic and saccharolytic strains at present classified together in one species, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, have been shown to differ in a number of properties including their deoxyribonucleic acid base ratios. It is proposed that the asaccharolytic strains (guanine-plus-cytosine content, 50 to 54 mol%) should be assigned to a separate species, Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, whereas the saccharolytic strains (guanine-plus-cytosine content, 40 to 45 mol%) should still be classified in the two subspecies Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus and Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius, although further study is required to complete the characterization of these two groups.
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- Errata
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 74 (2024)
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Volume 27 (1977)
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