- Volume 31, Issue 3, 1981
Volume 31, Issue 3, 1981
- Book Reviews
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- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Fatty Acid Fingerprints of “Streptococcus milleri” Streptococcus mit is, and Related Species
More LessAbstractWhole-cell fatty acid methylester fingerprints of 83 streptococcal strains were determined by gas chromatography. The major cellular fatty acids were invariably tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, and octadecenoic acids. On the basis of “minor fatty acid” composition, it was possible to distinguish between three types of streptococci of uncertain taxonomic status, collectively referred to in the literature as “Streptococcus milleri,” and two groups of serovars of Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mitis proved fairly heterogeneous, as expected. Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguis had qualitatively distinct profiles.
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Electron Microscopic Observations of Flavobacterium aquatile NCIB 8694 (= ATCC 11947) and Flavobacterium meningosepticum NCTC 10016 (= ATCC 13253)
More LessAbstractElectron microscopic observations of Flavobacterium aquatile NCIB 8694 (type strain) revealed the presence of nonflagellar appendages. Similar appendages were not found on Flavobacterium meningosepticum NCTC 10016 (type strain).
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Acetoin Production in the Identification of Isolates as Members of Staphylococcus intermedius Hájek
More LessAbstractA total of 50 staphylococcal strains of animal origin were identified as members of Staphylococcus intermedius Hájek on the basis that they possessed all of the characteristics originally reported by Hájek for S. intermedius except one, acetoin production. The Barritt method failed to demonstrate acetoin production by these isolates, whereas in the case of a micromethod in which pyruvate was used as substrate, acetoin production was detected. We discuss both the discrepancy observed between the results of the two methods and the taxonomic implications of our findings.
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Confirmation of Bacteroides gingivalis as a Species Distinct from Bacteroides asaccharolyticus
More LessAbstractWe divided the asaccharolytic, black-pigmented Bacteroides strains into two groups on the basis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base ratios, DNA hybridization (S1 nuclease method) results, and direct hemagglutination. One homologous group of strains, which included the type strain of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and had guanine-plus-cytosine contents of 52 to 54 mol%, contained only nonoral isolates. Another DNA homology group contained all of the strains from periodontal pockets and some nonoral isolates. These strains appeared to belong to the recently described new species Bacteroides gingivalis Coykendall et al. B. gingivalis strains had guanine-plus-cytosine contents of 48 to 50 mol%, showed high DNA homology values, and shared hemagglutinating activity. No DNA homology was observed between the two groups. Using a different method of analysis for DNA homology (S1 nuclease method), we confirmed the conclusion of Coykendall et al., who separated these two groups into different species, B. asaccharolyticus and B. gingivalis. Two strains from infected root canals could not be placed in either of these two species. On the basis of the DNA homology results, all asaccharolytic strains were distinguished clearly from the saccharolytic, black-pigmented Bacteroides strains, which at present are classified in the species Bacteroides melaninogenicus.
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Sachs’ “Enterobacterium A12” Is an Aerogenic Variant of Shigella boydii 14
More LessAbstractWe studied the biochemical relationships of “Enterobacterium A12” of Sachs to Shigella boydii 14 and Escherichia coli 032. “Enterobacterium A12” differed from typical strans of S. boydii 14 only in its ability to produce gas from glucose. Otherwise, “Enterobacterium A12” and E. coli 032 were biochemically quite different. On the basis of these findings we propose that “Enterobacterium A12” should be regarded as an aerogenic variant of S. boydii 14, analogous to the aerogenic varieties of Shigella flexneri 6.
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Host Range of a Bacteriophage of Acetic Acid Bacteria
More LessAbstractWe determined the host range of “Acetobacter bacteriophage A-l.” Only Gluconobacter strains were susceptible to this phage; no Acetobacter strain was susceptible. Thus, the correct name of the phage should be Gluconobacter phage A-l. Susceptibility to this phage appears to be a general characteristic of the members of the genus Gluconobacter. The single species of the genus Gluconobacter oxydans contains four subspecies, and susceptibility to the phage was not confined to strains of any particular subspecies.
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Numerical Analysis of Rapidly Growing, Nonphotochromogenic Mycobacteria, Including Mycobacterium agri (Tsukamura 1972) Tsukamura sp. nov., nom. rev.
More LessAbstractNumerical analyses of 165 strains of rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria were carried out with 104 characters in one case and 84 in another. The results showed that the following taxa are distinct: Mycobacterium fortuitum; M. chelonei subsp. chelonei; M. chelonei subsp. abscessus; M. smegmatis; M. chitae; and “M. agri” (names in quotation marks are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, 1980). The distinctness of “M. agri” was confirmed by using 29 test strains. Strains of M. smegmatis were divided into two subgroups, “M. smegmatis subsp. smegmatis” and “M. smegmatis subsp. lacticola” on the basis of amidase patterns. Clusters of M. fortuitum, M. chelonei subsp. chelonei, and M. chelonei subsp. abscessus were distinguished at a level of 89% similarity by a numerical taxonomy method in which 84 characters were used, and these three clusters were connected to each other to form a large cluster at a level of 88%. Therefore, these three taxa were regarded as belonging to a complex. Within the cluster M. fortuitum, four subclusters were observed, but about one-half of the M. fortuitum strains studied did not belong to any of the four subclusters. The 78 strains of M. fortuitum studied were regarded as homogeneous, even though several biovars could be differentiated. Neither subcluster nor biovar of the M. fortuitum strains was shown to be significantly associated with disease in humans. Because Mycobacterium agri was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, it is herein proposed as a revived name. The type strain of M. agri is 90012 (= ATCC 27406).
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Hybridization Experiments with Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Ureaplasma urealyticum Serovars I to VIII
More LessAbstractNucleic acid hybridization experiments performed with deoxyribonucleic acid from serovars (serotypes) I to VIII of Ureaplasma urealyticum revealed a clustering of the analyzed strains into two major groups. One cluster included serovars I, III, and VI and the other included serovars II, IV, V, VII, and VIII, the two groups being distinguished at the 40 to 60% homology level. No consistent correlation could be demonstrated between the nucleic acid homology data presented here and the heterologous serological relationships known to exist between different serovars of U. urealyticum. On the other hand, agreement was found between clusterings according to deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and recently published observations made by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods.
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Numerical Analysis of Rapidly Growing, Scotochromogenic Mycobacteria, Including Mycobacterium obuense sp. nov., nom. rev., Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov., nom. rev., Mycobacterium aichiense sp. nov., nom. rev., Mycobacterium chubuense sp. nov., nom. rev., and Mycobacterium tokaiense sp. nov., nom. rev.
More LessAbstractWe performed numerical analyses of 155 strains of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria by two different methods; in one method we used 104 characters, and in the other we used 84 characters. The following taxa appeared as distinct clusters: Mycobacterium thermoresistibile, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium duvalii, Mycobacterium phlei, “ Mycobacterium obuense,” Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium sphagni, “ Mycobacterium aichiense,” “ Mycobacterium rhodesiae,” Mycobacterium neoaurum, “ Mycobacterium chubuense,” “ Mycobacterium tokaiense,” and Mycobacterium komossense (names in quotation marks are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names). M. flavescens strains were divided into two subgroups, one consisting of strains isolated in Japan and the other consisting of strains isolated in Rhodesia and strains received from the American Type Culture Collection, including the type strain of M. flavescens (ATCC 14474). We found that there are many species of rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria, and we believe that new species should be recognized and named on the basis of at least three strains. The following species appeared to be distinct from all presently named species: “Mycobacterium gallinarum,” “ Mycobacterium armentum,” “ Mycobacterium perpallidum”, and “ Mycobacterium taurus.” However, each of these species was proposed on the basis of only one or two strains. Because of the small number of strains studied, formal proposals for these species should not be made until more strains of each taxon are studied. Furthermore, we consider “Mycobacterium magistrae” and “ Mycobacterium auratum” to be synonyms of M. flavescens, “ Mycobacterium pallidum” to be a synonym of M. parafortuitum, “ Mycobacterium liquefactum” to be a synonym of M. vaccae, and “ Mycobacterium sufflavum” to be a synonym of M. neoaurum. “ M. obuense,” “ M. rhodesiae,” “ M. aichiense” “ M. chubuense,” and “ M. tokaiense” are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, but based on the results of this study, we consider these organisms distinct species. Therefore, these names are revived for the same organisms with which they were originally associated. The type strains of these species are strain 47001 (=ATCC 27023 =NCTC 10778), strain 02002 (=ATCC 27024 =NCTC 10779), strain 49005 (=ATCC 27280 =NCTC 10820), strain 48013 (=ATCC 27278 =NCTC 10819), and strain 47503 (=ATCC 27282 =NCTC 10821), respectively.
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Denitrification by Strains of Neisseria, Kingella, and Chromo bacterium
More LessAbstractThe information in the existing literature concerning the denitrifying capacities of certain species of Kingella, Chromobacterium, and Neisseria is ambiguous. Therefore, we used gas chromatography to obtain a better understanding of the capacities of strains of several species in these genera for dissimilatory nitrate and nitrite reduction under anoxic conditions. A strain of Kingella denitrificans used both nitrate and nitrite as electron acceptors for denitrification, as did strains of “Chromobacterium lividum” and Chromobacterium violaceum. In contrast, strains of four of the Neisseria species tested denitrified at the expense of nitrite, but strains of three species did not reduce nitrite. Only a strain of Neisseria mucosa used nitrate as an electron acceptor. Therefore, all strains tested were capable of denitrification. Where lapses occurred, it was the capacity for nitrate reduction that was missing, as in certain species of Alcaligenes. The lack of the ability to reduce nitrous oxide that is found in some Pseudomonas species was not observed in this study.
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Streptomyces sannanensis sp. nov.
More LessAbstractA new species of bacteria is described for which the name Streptomyces sannanensis is proposed. The organism produces new aminoglycoside antibiotics, the sannamycin complex. The species is characterized by its gray spore mass color, coiled spore chains, spores with smooth surfaces, nonchromogenicity, and carbon utilization pattern. It differs from known streptomycetes on the basis of its carbon utilization characteristics and its production of the sannamycin complex of antibiotics. The type strain of S. sannanensis is strain KC-7038, which was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection under the number 31530.
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Chitinophaga, a New Genus of Chitinolytic Myxobacteria
More LessAbstractFive strains of a long, filamentous, gliding microorganism which produces myxospores by transformation of filaments to spherical bodies without the production of a fruiting body were isolated from widely separated sources. These organisms are strongly chitinolytic but are not cellulolytic. We propose a new genus, Chitinophaga, containing a single species, Chitinophaga pinensis sp. nov., for these strains. The type strain is UQM 2034.
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Characterization of Morococcus cerebrosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Comparison with Neisseria mucosa
More LessAbstractWe propose the name Morococcus cerebrosus gen. nov., sp. nov. for a gram-negative, oxidase-positive, aggregate-forming coccus that was isolated from a brain abscess. The type strain is UQM 858 (= ATCC 33486 = NCTC 11393). A comparative study of this organism with Neisseria mucosa showed that the deoxyribonucleic acid base ratios of these two species were comparable but that there were sufficient differences in their physiological, cultural, serological, and morphological characteristics to warrant the proposal of this taxon as a new genus in the family Neisseriaceae.
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Enrichment, Isolation, and Emended Description of Pedomicrobium ferrugineum Aristovskaya and Pedomicrobium manganicum Aristovskaya
More LessAbstractIn 1961 Aristovskaya described the new hyphal budding bacteria Pedomicrobium ferrugineum and Pedomicrobium manganicum. Only a limited amount of information concerning these bacteria was obtained from enrichment cultures, and these cultures no longer exist. In an effort to revive investigations on pedomicrobia, six new iron-depositing strains were isolated from podzolic soils. One of these isolates, strain S-1290 (=ATCC 33119 =DSM 1540), was investigated thoroughly and is cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names as the type strain of P. ferrugineum. Four other isolates (strains P-1196, Q-1197, R-1198, and T-1130) showed sufficient similarity to strain S-1290 to be placed in the same species. The taxonomic position of the sixth isolate, strain F-1225, is not yet certain. One additional isolate, strain E-1129 (=ATCC 33121 =DSM 1545), which deposits manganese, was isolated from a quartzite rock pool. This isolate closely resembles the original description of P. manganicum and is cited in the Approved Lists as the type strain of this species. I present an emended description of the genus Pedomicrobium and compare the generic properties of Pedomicrobium with those of other hyphal budding bacteria. To encourage further work on pedomicrobia, I also describe enrichment and isolation procedures for these bacteria. Cultures of all of the new strains are available from the American Type Culture Collection and from the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen.
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Cedecea davisae gen. nov., sp. no v. and Cedecea lapagei sp. nov., New Enterobacteriaceae from Clinical Specimens
More LessAbstractWe propose the name Cedecea gen. nov. for a group of organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from clinical sources in North America (the clinical significance of these organisms is unknown). This name was coined by two of us (P.A.D.G. and F.G.) from the letters CDC, the abbreviation for the Centers for Disease Control, where the organisms were originally discovered. Phenotypically, Cedecea resembles no other group of Enterobacteriaceae; the members of this genus are lipase positive, resistant to colistin and cephalothin, and negative for deoxyribonuclease, gelatin liquefaction, and utilization of L-arabinose and L-rhamnose. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness studies showed that Cedecea strains were 32 to 100% related to each other and less than 23% related to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae. We found five deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization groups among 17 Cedecea strains, but three of these groups contained only 1 strain (strains 001, 002, and 012). Two deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization groups were named. Cedecea davisae sp. nov. (nine strains), the type species of the genus, fermented sucrose and D-xylose and was positive in the ornithine decarboxylase and ascorbate tests. C. davisae grew in a mineral salts medium with glucose as the carbon source only if the medium was supplemented with 0.1 μg of thiamine per ml. The type strain of C. davisae is strain 005 (= ATCC 33431 = CDC 3278-77 = CIP 80.34) Cedecea lapagei sp. nov. (five strains) did not ferment sucrose and D-xylose and was negative in the ornithine decarboxylase and ascorbate tests. This species grew on glucose as the role source of carbon and energy with no growth factor requirement. The type strain of C. lapagei is strain 004 (= ATCC 33432 = CDC 0485-76 = CIP 80.35). Within species, deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness was 80 to 100% at 60°C (S1 nuclease method), and C. davisae and C. lapagei were much more closely related to each other (32 to 52%) than to members of any other group within the family Enterobacteriaceae (1 to 21%).
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Acidiphilium cryptum gen. nov., sp. nov., Heterotrophic Bacterium From Acidic Mineral Environments
More LessAbstractAcidiphilium gen. nov. is comprised of gram-negative, aerobic, mesophilic, rodshaped bacteria that grow in lean organic media between pH 1.9 and 5.9 but not at pH 6.1. Small amounts of organic substrates are required for growth, but high concentrations inhibit growth, especially the organic digests used in conventional bacteriological media. Sodium acetate is strongly inhibitory at a concentration of 0.01%. Endospores are not formed, and some strains are motile by means of one polar flagellum or two lateral flagella. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid varies between 68 and 70 mol%. Some catalase is formed, but the oxidase reaction is very weak or absent. This genus differs from Pseudomonas, Chromobacterium, Flavobacterium, and other soil heterotrophs by its requirement for a high concentration of hydrogen ions and its sensitivity to many organic substrates. It differs from Pseudomonas also by its lack of a strong oxidase reaction and especially by its inhibition by acetate. It is easily distinguished from acidophilic thiobacilli by its inability to utilize sulfur and ferrous iron as sources of energy and by the high guanine-plus-cytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid. The type species is Acidiphilium cryptum, and the type strain of this species is strain Lhet2 (=ATCC 33463).
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Emendation of Acetivibrio and Description of Acetivibrio ethanolgignens, a New Species from the Colons of Pigs with Dysentery
More LessAbstractWe describe an organism that constituted 20% or more of the bacterial population in the colons of pigs experimentally infected with Treponema hyodysenteriae. This organism was not found in clinically normal pigs. Because this organism had properties different from those of any previously described taxon, we propose that it be regarded as a new species, Acetivibrio ethanolgignens. The isolates of A. ethanolgignens were obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporeforming, motile, slightly curved rods with lateral flagella that emanated from the concave sides of the cells and formed fascicles. A. ethanolgignens differs from other species in the genus Acetivibrio principally in its inability to degrade cellulose or ferment cellobiose, its production of ethanol as a major fermentation product, and its possession of multiple flagella. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of its deoxyribonucleic acid is 40 mol%. The type strain is 77-6, a culture of which has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection under the number ATCC 33324. We also emend the description of the genus Acetivibrio to include bacteria with multiple flagella.
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Mycoplasma californicum, a New Species from Cows
More LessAbstractMycoplasmas serologically different from the known Mycoplasma species were found to be important causes of mastitis in California. We describe the cultural, morphological, biological, and serological characteristics of one of these isolates, strain ST-6. In growth inhibition and immunofluorescence tests, we found that strain ST-6 differed from all 75 currently accepted Mycoplasma species and serogroups. Therefore, we regard this strain as a member of a new species for which we propose the name Mycoplasma californicum. Strain ST-6, the type strain, has been deposited in the Collaborating Center for Animal Mycoplasmas, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark, under the accession number AMRC-C 1077 and in the American Type Culture Collection under the number ATCC 33461.
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Lack of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Between Thermoplasma acidophilum and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
More LessAbstractDeoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from the type strains of Thermoplasma acidophilum (strain 122-1B2) and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain 98-3) are compared. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNAs are 45.0 and 39.9 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments show homologies slightly above the background level of 0.1% in the experiment.
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 74 (2024)
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Volume 73 (2023)
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Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
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Volume 71 (2020 - 2021)
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Volume 70 (2020)
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Volume 69 (2019)
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Volume 68 (2018)
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Volume 64 (2014)
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