- Volume 33, Issue 2, 1983
Volume 33, Issue 2, 1983
- Book Reviews
-
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
-
-
-
Bifidobacterium gallinarum sp. nov.: a New Species Isolated from the Ceca of Chickens
More LessBifidobacterium gallinarum sp. nov. is described. Ten strains of this species were isolated from chicken ceca. These strains are obligately anaerobic, grampositive, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, slightly curved, short rod-shaped organisms with pointed ends; the cells occur singly, in pairs, and sometimes in short chains. The fermentation products from glucose or fructose are lactic acid and acetic acid in a molar ratio of 1:4.0 ± 0.2 in broth. These isolates differ from other species in the genus Bifidobacterium in morphology, carbohydrate fermentation pattern, guanine-pluscytosine content of deoxyribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid homologies. The type strain of B. gallinarum is Ch206-5 (= ATCC 33777).
-
-
-
-
Klebsiella trevisanii: a New Species from Water and Soil
More LessWe determined the taxonomic position of 17 strains of bacteria that were previously classified as “Klebsiella-like” strains, corresponding to group K of Gavini et al. [Ann. Microbiol. (Paris) 128B:45–59, 1977]. These strains were isolated from sewage, surface waters, drinking waters, and unpolluted soils. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridizations and a numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns were used in this study. At least 82% of the group K strains investigated formed a tight protein electrophoretic cluster. The DNA homology values for all of the selected group K strains were higher than 73% and indicated the genetic homogeneity of this group. Two strains, CUETM 77-177 and CUETM 78-134, which were classified as group L strains by Gavini et al., were identified as true members of group K by the above-mentioned methods. The protein gel electrophoretic technique permitted distinction of group K strains from other species of the genus Klebsiella. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed relatedness values of 40 to 71% between the reference strain of group K and the species Klebsiella mobilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella terrigena. Phenotypic characteristics, protein electrophoretic patterns, and the results of DNA-DNA hybridizations supported the individuality of group K, and we propose the name Klebsiella trevisanii sp. nov. for the strains of this group. These strains were positive in the Voges-Proskauer, urease, and β-galactosidase tests, grew at 4 and 41°, utilized histamine as a carbon source, did not ferment melezitose, and did not use m-hydroxybenzoate; indole was produced by 42% of the isolates. Strain CIP 81-36 (= CUETM 78-120) was designated the type strain of this species.
-
-
-
Comparison of Aerotolerant and Reference Strains of Campylobacter Species by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
More LessAcid-phenol extracts of as-yet-unnamed aerotolerant Campylobacter sp. strains isolated from animal genitalia and fetuses were compared with extracts of reference strains of Campylobacter species by using polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis. The electrophoretic protein profiles confirmed the uniqueness of the aerotolerant isolates within the genus Campylobacter and provided a means of differentiation at the species level. The reproducibility of the results demonstrated the value of this technique in taxonomic studies.
-
-
-
Taxonomy of the Azotobacteraceae Determined by Using Immunoelectrophoresis
More LessThe similarities of various strains of Azotobacter spp. and Azomonas spp. to reference strains of Azotobacter paspali, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azomonas agilis, Azomonas insignis, and Azomonas monocytogenes were determined by rocket line immunoelectrophoresis. The strains of Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter vinelandii used were immunologically more homogeneous than the strains of Azotobacter chroococcum studied, possibly due to the more diverse geographical origins of the Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Low values were obtained for the mean immunological distances (1 – proportion of immunoprecipitation bands shared between strains) between Azotobacter paspali and Azotobacter vinelandii strains, suggesting that these two species are immunologically closely related. Immunological distances from the Azotobacter chroococcum reference strain were similar for Azotobacter paspali and for other undisputed members of the genus Azotobacter, which makes it reasonable to retain Azotobacter paspali in this genus. When the three Azotobacter antisera were used, all Azotobacter species had mean immunological distances of less than 0.5, whereas the Azomonas species were immunologically more distant, showing that the six species of Azotobacter form an immunologically related group which is distinct from the Azomonas species. Our results with the three Azomonas antisera show that each species of Azomonas is immunologically distant from the other species, as well as from the Azotobacter species. We compare our immunoelectrophoretic results with the molecular biological results of De Smedt et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:106–122, 1980) and the numerical taxonomic analysis of Thompson and Skerman (Azotobacteraceae: the Taxonomy and Ecology of the Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria, Academic Press, Inc., London, 1979).
-
-
-
Differentiation of Bacillus globisporus, Bacillus marinus comb. nov., Bacillus aminovorans, and Bacillus insolitus
More LessThe type strains of Bacillus globisporus subsp. globisporus and B. globisporus subsp. marinus were shown to have only 20% deoxyribonucleic acid homology. These two organisms could be differentiated by 15 physiological characteristics, including salt requirements, production of β-galactosidase, digestion of urea and esculin, fermentation of carbohydrates, and utilization of carbohydrates as sole carbon sources. Therefore, B. globisporus subsp. marinus is elevated to species rank as Bacillus marinus. The type strain of B. globisporus, strain ATCC 23301, and B. globisporus ATCC 23304 (ex “Bacillus psychrophilus” type strain) showed only 50% deoxyribonucleic acid homology, but these strains could not be differentiated phenotypically and are still considered members of the same species, B. globisporus. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology data and phenotypic properties confirmed that Bacillus aminovorans, Bacillus insolitus, B. globisporus, and B. marinus are separate species.
-
-
-
Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov., a Porcine Pathogen
More LessTen strains of rapidly growing, non-photochromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from submandibular lymph nodes with tuberculosis-like lymphadenitis of 10 swine. These mycobacteria showed a positive reaction for arylsulfatase activity after 3 days and resistance to NH2OH · HCl (0.5 mg/ml) and degraded p-aminosalicylate, forming black formazan. These strains were similar to Mycobacterium fortuitum, but differed from this species by lacking nitrate reduction activity, having positive succinamidase activity, and having the ability to utilize benzoate as a sole source of carbon in the presence of ammoniacal nitrogen. These mycobacteria were considered to belong to a new species, Mycobacterium porcinum sp. nov. The type strain was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 33776 (= E10241-1).
-
-
-
Electrophoretic Analysis of Isoenzymes of Acholeplasma Species
More LessThirteen Acholeplasma strains representing three named species, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma granularum, and Acholeplasma oculi, were examined for the presence of 30 enzymes by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. A total of 29 enzymes were demonstrated. Twelve of these enzymes have not been reported previously in acholeplasmas (alcohol dehydrogenase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase, arginase, arginine deiminase, carbarnyl phosphokinase, galactose dehydrogenase, galactose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide], glutamate dehydrogenase [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate], α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and xanthine dehydrogenase). An average group cluster analysis was carried out on the basis of estimates of dissimilarity coefficients. This analysis distinguished among the strains tested, was of some help in identification, and may also be useful in epidemiological investigations.
-
-
-
Phylogeny of Sporeforming Members of the Order Actinomycetales
More LessRepresentatives from various genera of the order Actinomycetales were investigated by comparative cataloging of their 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acids to establish their phylogenetic relationships. Members of Actinoplanes, Ampullariella, Dactylosporangium, and Micromonospora form one cluster that is peripherally related to the cluster defined by members of Mycobacterium, Nocardia, and Rhodococcus. Streptomyces griseus and strains of Chainia, Kitasatoa, Streptoverticillium, Microellobosporia, and Elytrosporangium are phylogenetically closely related, whereas Streptosporangium roseum is more distantly related to this cluster. Thermomonospora curvata and Geodermatophilus obscurus represent individual clusters. Promicromonospora citrea is a member of the Arthrobacter-Micrococcus-Cellulomonas line of descent. This grouping of organisms is highly supported not only by data from deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies and deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarity studies but also by several common biochemical characteristics of proven taxonomic value.
-
-
-
Cellular Fatty Acid Composition Comparisons of Haemophilus equigenitalis and Moraxella Species
More LessThe cellular fatty acid compositions of Haemophilus equigenitalis and some other species were compared. The cellular fatty acid composition of H. equigenitalis was very similar to the cellular fatty acid compositions of Moraxella species. When the double bond positions in monounsaturated fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ditrimethylsilyloxy derivatives, Moraxella species were divided into two groups, the oleic acid group and the cis-vaccenic acid group. The former included eight species (Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella bovis, Moraxella caviae, Moraxella equi, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella osloensis, and Moraxella phenylpyruvica), and the latter included Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella ovis, and Moraxella urethralis. H. equigenitalis was closely related to the cis-vaccenic acid group.
-
-
-
Taxonomic Significance of Cellular Fatty Acid Composition in Some Coryneform Bacteria
More LessA total of 76 strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Caseobacter, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Curtobacterium were divided into four groups on the basis of their cellular fatty acid compositions. Cells with saturated and monounsaturated straight-chain fatty acids were designated type I. Strains in this group had meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinogalactan in their cell walls. In some strains, 10-methyl fatty acids were found. Type I was divided into six subtypes based on fatty acid composition. Type II cells contained iso-anteiso acids and were found in 43 strains of Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Curtobacterium, and coryneform bacteria with diaminobutyric acid-peptidoglycan. Small differences in fatty acid composition were found among the strains of this type, and the fatty acid compositions of type II strains varied remarkably depending on the media used. Type III strains were characterized by the presence of ω-cyclohexyl fatty acids. In two strains of Curtobacterium pusillum, approximately 60% of the cellular fatty acid was ω-cyclohexyl undecanoic acid. Type IV strains had highly complex patterns of iso, anteiso, normal, saturated, unsaturated, 10-methyl, and 2-hydroxy fatty acids. Five strains of Arthrobacter simplex, Arthrobacter tumescens, and “Brevibacterium lipolyticum” possessed this type of fatty acid composition.
-
-
-
Cleavage Patterns of the Mycoplasma Chromosome, Obtained by Using Restriction Endonucleases, as Indicators of Genetic Relatedness Among Strains
More LessPurified deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of representative strains of nine established serovars of the human mycoplasma Ureaplasma urealyticum and of five strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns obtained by electrophoresis of the digestion products separated the nine U. urealyticum serovars into two definite clusters, one consisting of serovars 1, 3, and 6 and the other consisting of serovars 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9, in agreement with previous results obtained by electrophoresis of cell proteins and DNA-DNA hybridization. Although the five M. pneumoniae strains differed in virulence and adherence capacity, they exhibited similar DNA cleavage patterns, indicating a high degree of genetic homogeneity. The enzymes KpnI, XhoI, BamHI, and PstI, which possess guanine-plus-cytosine-rich recognition sequences, cleaved the DNA of U. urealyticum (guanine-plus-cytosine content, about 28 mol%) into a small number of fragments, whereas SmaI, with the recognition sequence CCC/GGG, failed to cleave U. urealyticum DNA into visibly distinct fragments. The same restriction enzymes produced multiband cleavage patterns with M. pneumoniae DNA, which has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of about 40 mol%. Restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII, HpaI, and XbaI, which have recognition sequences rich in adenine plus thy mine, produced multiband patterns with the DNAs of both U. urealyticum and M. pneumoniae. We concluded that the cleavage patterns of mycoplasmal DNAs digested with restriction endonucleases provide a means for determining genetic relatedness among mycoplasmas.
-
-
-
Synonomy of Peptococcus glycinophilus (Cardon and Barker 1946) Douglas 1957 with Peptostreptococcus micros (Prévot 1933) Smith 1957 and Electrophoretic Differentiation of Peptostreptococcus micros from Peptococcus magnus (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1972
More LessThe soluble cellular proteins of strains of Peptococcus magnus and Peptostreptococcus micros were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein patterns were distinctive and repeatable, and the two species could be separated redily. The protein pattern of strain ATCC 23195, the type strain of Peptococcus glycinophilus (Cardon and Barker 1946) Douglas 1957, was identical to that of strain ATCC 33270 (= VPI 5464), the type strain of Peptostreptococcus micros (Prévot 1933) Smith 1957. Because these two strains were 84% homologous as determined by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology experiments, the name Peptococcus glycinophilus is a later subjective synonym of Peptostreptococcus micros. Preliminary results indicated that “Peptococcus variabilis” (Foubert and Douglas 1948) Douglas 1957 may be a valid species, but reinstatement is not proposed at this time.
-
-
-
Genomic and Physiological Comparisons Between Heterotrophic Thiobacilli and Acidiphilium cryptum, Thiobacillus versutus sp. nov., and Thiobacillus acidophilus nom. rev.
More LessAcidiphilium cryptum grows in yeast extract media with or without elemental sulfur. The growth rate and the cell yield are not changed by the presence of sulfur, but the pH of the medium drops slightly when sulfur is present, presumably because of gratuitous sulfur oxidation. No growth occurs with sulfur alone. A. cryptum is an obligate chemoorganotroph. Thiobacillus acidophilus grows equally well with either elemental sulfur or glucose as a sole energy source; this organism is a facultative autotroph. Since the name T. acidophilus does not appear on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, it is revived here, and strain ATCC 27807 is designated the type strain. Thiobacillus perometabolis is considered a subspecies of Thiobacillus intermedius on the basis of close phenotypic similarity and deoxyribonucleic acid homology. Thiobacillus sp. strain A2 is a distinctive mixotroph that shows little deoxyribonucleic acid homology with other species of Thiobacillus. This organism is named Thiobacillus versutus, and strain ATCC 25364 is designated the type strain.
-
-
-
Distinctive Antigenic Specificities of Adenosine Triphosphatases and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Dehydrogenases as Means for Classification of the Order Mycoplasmatales
More LessSince the species classified in order Mycoplasmatales can be separated into at least six antigenically distinct groups by analytical serology, we compared the antigenic specificities of the adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenases of 14 strains by using quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and specific strains to identify enzymatically active precipitin peaks. The following species and serological groups were studied: Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Mycoplasma capricolum, and Mycoplasma species bovine group VII (group 1); Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma equifetale (group 2); Mycoplasma gallisepticum (group 4); Mycoplasma pneumoniae (group 5); Mycoplasma felis (group 6); Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma gallinarum (group 7); and Ureaplasma urealyticum (ungrouped). Each strain showed ATPase activity which formed a precipitin peak against the homologous antiserum. Eight serologically distinct ATPases were identified, and most of these ATPases cross-reacted only within serologically related clusters of species, not between clusters; the exception was group 7, where the ATPase of M. gallinarum had a different specificity than the cross-reacting enzymes of M. arginini and M. hominis. All species except U. urealyticum possessed a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, but the enzymes in M. felis, M. hominis, and M. arginini did not precipitate with any antisera. The remaining species showed five distinct specificities of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenases, and the antigenic relationships of these enzymes exactly paralleled those observed with ATPases. Thus, the serological specificities of common mycoplasmic enzymes are powerful taxonomic tools.
-
-
-
Numerical Taxonomy of Vibrios Isolated from Estuarine Environments
More LessWe used numerical taxonomy procedures to analyze data obtained from 227 strains belonging to either the genus Vibrio or related genera; included were pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrios isolated from a variety of samples and geographic locations. Each strain was tested for 150 unit characters. At a similarity coefficient of 70 to 75% or more, the 227 strains clustered into 33 phena, representing Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio metschnikovii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and new species of Vibrio. Non-O1 and O1 serovars of V. cholerae clustered at the species level of relationship (i.e., at a similarity coefficient of ≥75%). Furthermore, subdivision of V. cholerae into classical, El Tor, proteus, and albensis biovars was not observed. In fact, the biovar proteus was found to warrant separate species status as Vibrio proteus. Only the sucrose-negative members of Heiberg group V were distinguishable as a separate cluster and were recognized as a separate biovar. Sucrose-positive strains and urease-positive strains of V. parahaemolyticus were identified. The differences among the four groups of V. anguillarum examined did not warrant recognition of biovars.
-
-
-
Survey of Heat-Stable, Major Somatic Antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa †
More LessA survey of all serogrouping schemata for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was conducted in order to identify all of the heat-stable major somatic antigens. In addition to the 12 antigens described in the schema of Habs (Z. Hyg. 144:218–228, 1957), five antigens from other schemata were found to be distinct. A grouping schema comprising 17 groups based on these antigens is proposed as the international serogrouping schema for P. aeruginosa. This schema is proposed as the backbone for future serotyping schemata that may include minor heat-stable antigens and heat-labile antigens. Several modifications of the schema are discussed. Variations of the schema can be adopted by individual laboratories without much confusion if the basic designations of the 17 antigens are retained.
-
-
-
Second Report of the Cooperative, Open-Ended Study of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy
L. G. WAYNE, R. C. GOOD, M. I. KRICHEVSKY, R. E. BEAM, Z. BLACKLOCK, H. L. DAVID, D. DAWSON, W. GROSS, J. HAWKINS, P. A. JENKINS, I. JUHLIN, W. KÄPPLER, H. H. KLEEBERG, I. KRASNOW, M. J. LEFFORD, E. MANKIEWICZ, C. McDURMONT, E. E. NEL, F. PORTAELS, P. A. RICHARDS, S. RÜSCH, K. H. SCHRÖDER, V. A. SILCOX, I. SZABO, M. TSUKAMURA, L. VANDEN BREEN and B. VERGMANNThe open-ended study of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy is an ongoing project designed to characterize slowly growing strains of mycobacteria that do not belong to well-established or thoroughly characterized species. In this second report, we describe Mycobacterium malmoense and some members of the “MAIS intermediate” group, as well as make minor adjustments of the feature frequency data for Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium szulgai.
-
-
-
Relationships Among Catalase-Positive Campylobacters Determined by Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization among 66 strains of catalase-positive Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms delineated seven genetically distinct groups. Our results support the species designations of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter fetus, although our data contraindicate the division of the latter species into C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis. Our deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness values also suggest that the “Campylobacter fecalis“ and nalidixic acid-resistant thermophilic Campylobacter strains, as well as Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from mice, may deserve species status. Campylobacter-like isolates from bovine and ovine abortions possess morphological and metabolic characteristics that are incompatible with the genus description, and these isolates need further study to clarify their taxonomic status.
-
-
-
Use of Serology and Thin-Layer Chromatography for the Assembly of an Authenticated Collection of Serovars Within the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Complex
More LessThe seroagglutination test devised by Schaefer (Methods Microbiol. 13:323-344,1980) and the thin-layer chromatography procedure of Brennan et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:374–379,1978; 15:447–455,1982) were used to assemble an authenticated collection composed of 30 of the 31 known serovars of the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex, and from these serovars a new set of absorbed specific homologous rabbit antisera was prepared. Isolates of a few serovars (serovars 18, 41, and 43) showed the expected seroagglutination reactions but also produced several thin-layer Chro-matographie profiles, a phenomenon which places further emphasis on the need to use both thin-layer chromatography and serological analyses when the epidemio-logical aspects of nontuberculous mycobacteria are examined.
-
-
-
Characterization of Strains of Viridans Streptococci by Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization and Physiological Tests
More LessRelationships among selected species of viridans streptococci were studied by using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization and biochemical and serological tests. The results of hybridization experiments performed with DNA immobilized on membrane filters and index DNA made radioactive with [methyl-3H]thymidine indicated that Streptococcus intermedius ATCC 27335T (type strain), Streptococcus constellatus ATCC 27823T, Streptococcus mitis ATCC 9895, “Streptococcus MG-intermedius” CDC SS 899, group F strain MGH 8153, and group F strain SFGH 879 are closely related to each other genetically, even though physiological tests indicated that this is a relatively heterogeneous group of organisms. The relative binding ratios for these six strains ranged from 60 to 99%, and the majority of values were greater than 85%, indicating that these strains should be considered members of the same species. Type strain ATCC 33399 (called S. mitis) is not a typical S. mitis strain based on biochemical test results, and only moderate relatedness (41%) was observed in hybridization experiments performed with a typical S. mitis strain (strain SS 429). Streptococcus sanguis I ATCC 10556T and S. sanguis II ATCC 10557 do not belong in the same species. A low relative binding ratio (13%) for these strains confirmed similar findings by previous investigators.
-
-
-
Conglomeromonas largomobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Sodium-Sensitive, Mixed-Flagellated Organism from Fresh Waters
More LessA gram-negative rod-shaped organism which exhibits unicellular and multicellular phases of growth is described. Unicellular-phase cells are motile and have mixed flagellation, with a single polar flagellum and 1 to 10 lateral flagella which are easily distinguishable from the polar flagellum by differences in thickness and wavelength. Multicellular conglomerates arise from single cells which lose motility, become optically refractile, and reproduce by multiplanar centripetal septation. Conglomerate formation is enhanced by the presence of sodium ions. Under suitable conditions conglomerates dissociate into single cells, which produce water-clear colonies in which there are initially only a few sluggishly motile unicellular-phase cells. A new genus, Conglomeromonas gen. nov., with the single species Conglomeromonas largomobilis sp. nov. is proposed for these strains, which were isolated from fresh waters. Two subspecies, C. largomobilis subsp. largomobilis subsp. nov. (type strain, UQM 2041) and C. largomobilis subsp. parooensis subsp. nov. (type strain, UQM 2042), are proposed.
-
-
-
Dactylosporangium vinaceum sp. nov.
More LessA newly isolated actinomycete, which was recovered from a soil sample in Japan, has been found to possess finger-shaped sporangia, motile spores, and other characteristics of members of the genus Dactylo sporangium. This organism produces dactimicin, a pseudodisaccharide antibiotic elaborated by at least one other species of Dactylosporangium, and differs significantly from the three previously described species of Dactylosporangium in its production of a wine-colored pigment, which not only occurs in vegetative mycelium but is observed as an extracellular, diffusible substance in agar medium used to cultivate the organism. On the basis of these and other differences, we propose that strains with these characteristics be designated as a new species, Dactylosporangium vinaceum. Strain SF-2127 (= IFO 14181) is the type strain.
-
-
-
Motile Actinomycetes: Actinosynnema pretiosum subsp. pretiosum sp. nov., subsp. nov., and Actinosynnema pretiosum subsp. auranticum subsp. nov.
More LessThree strains of motile nocardioform actinomycetes were isolated from sedge blades. The characteristics of these isolates led us to assign them to the genus Actinosynnema. Accordingly, we propose the following new taxa of Actinosynnema: Actinosynnema pretiosum subsp. pretiosum sp. nov., subsp. nov., containing type strain C-15003(N-1) (= IFO 13726 = FERM-P 3992 = ATCC 31281) and strain C-14919(N-2001) (= IFO 13723 - FERM-P 3991 = ATCC 31280); and Actinosynnema pretiosum subsp. auranticum subsp. nov., with type strain C-14482(N-1001) (= IFO 13725 = FERM-P 4130 = ATCC 31309).
-
-
-
Streptomyces sulfonofaciens sp. nov.
More LessA new species of bacteria is described, for which we propose the name Streptomyces sulfonofaciens. This organism produces a new β-lactam antibiotic, SF-2103A, which is a carbapenem compound. S. sulfonofaciens is characterized by its red spore mass, spores with smooth surfaces in straight chains, nonchromogenicity, and carbon utilization pattern. The type strain of S. sulfonofaciens is strain SF-2103, which has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 31892.
-
-
-
Leptospira sp. Strain Dimbovitza, First Isolate in Europe with Characteristics of the Proposed Genus Leptonema
More LessOn the basis of serological, biological, and morphological characteristics of strain Dimbovitza cells, we concluded that this strain is a representative of the proposed genus Leptonema in the family Leptospiraceae.
-
-
-
Mycoplasma lipofaciens, a New Species of Avian Origin
More LessA mycoplasma designated strain R171T (type strain) was isolated from the infraorbital sinus of an adult chicken. This organism was assigned to the class Mollicutes and the order Mycoplasmatales on the basis of its morphological, physical, and cultural characteristics. Its deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 24.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Strain R171T was sterol dependent, and since it did not produce helical forms or hydrolyze urea, it was assigned to the family Mycoplasmataceae and the genus Mycoplasma. Strain R171T fermented glucose, hydrolyzed arginine, and produced films and spots. This strain was shown to be serologically distinct from 74 currently accepted mycoplasma species or serovars by growth inhibition, immunofluorescence, and immunodiffusion tests, which were supported in some cases by metabolism inhibition tests. Thus, strain R171T appears to be a new and distinct mycoplasma species, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma lipofaciens (= NCTC 10191T = ATCC 35015T).
-
-
-
Mycobacterium fallax sp. nov.
A new species, Mycobacterium fallax, is described. A study of 22 strains showed that they form a homogeneous group with an internal phenotypic similarity value of 94.6 ± 4.1%. The colony morphology resembled that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with cord formation on solid medium. The characteristic features of these strains were that they were nonchromogenic and grew rapidly at 30°C but slowly at 37°C. Most formed a thermolabile catalase and produced nitrate reductase. A lipid analysis showed that tuberculostearic acid was present and that only α-mycolic acids were formed. These α-mycolic acids were di- and tri-unsaturated acids, a feature that has not been described previously in the mycobacteria. The type strain has been deposited in the Collection Nationale de Cultures de Microorganismes, Paris, France, as strain CIP 8139.
-
-
-
Acholeplasma parvum, a New Species from Horses
More LessFour glucose-nonfermenting Acholeplasma strains were isolated from oral cavities of horses and a horse vagina. The biological and serological properties of these isolates were distinct from those of the eight currently recognized Acholeplasma species. These strains were regarded as belonging to a new species, which was given the name Acholeplasma parvum. Strain H23M was designated the type strain of A. parvum, and a culture of this strain has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 29892.
-
-
-
Mycoplasma muris, a New Species from Laboratory Mice
More LessThree mycoplasma strains were isolated from the vaginal tracts of strain RIII mice. These isolates had similar biochemical and serological properties and grew on SP-4 medium but not on conventional mycoplasma medium containing horse serum and yeast extract. Anaerobic incubation was required. These organisms hydrolyzed arginine but not urea, produced a film and spot reaction, and were susceptible to 1.5% digitonin. Cholesterol was required for growth, and the organisms adsorbed to guinea pig erythrocytes and exhibited uridine phosphorylase activity. The organisms were serologically distinct from 82 Mycoplasma species and unclassified serotypes. On the basis of these findings and other morphological and biological properties of the organisms, we propose that mycoplasma strains with these characteristics belong to a new species, Mycoplasma muris. Strain RIII-4 (= ATCC 33757) is the type strain.
-
-
-
Common Cytoplasmic Antigen in Five Acholeplasma Species
More LessTwo-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was used to study the antigenic composition and serological relationships of the following five Acholeplasma species: Acholeplasma axanthtim, Acholeplasma equifetale, Acholeplasma granulation, Acholeplasma hippikon, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. A total of 15 to 25 precipitin peaks were observed in the homologous reactions. A. equifetale and A. hippikon were most closely related serologically, having six related antigens. Nearly all antigens were negatively charged at pH 8.6; the only exceptions were one antigen of A. axanthum and one antigen of A. laidlawii. The “positively charged” antigens were membrane associated and did not cross-react. One common antigen was recognized in each organism by all heterologous antisera. Monospecific antiserum prepared against the common antigen (peak 0.72 of A. hippikon) reacted with one antigen in each species tested. The electrophoretic mobilities of the common antigen ranged from 0.45 (A. axanthum) to 0.72 (A. hippikon). This antigen was located in the cytoplasm of A. laidlawii because the antiserum reacted only with the cytoplasmic fractions, not with the membrane fractions. The recognition of a common cytoplasmic antigen in the Acholeplasmataceae is important to the taxonomy of these organisms.
-
-
-
Streptosporangium fragile sp. nov.
More LessA new species of Streptosporangium is described, for which we propose the name Streptosporangium fragile. This organism produces a new anthracycline antibiotic and is characterized by dark brown to black vegetative mycelium, pink aerial mycelium, brown soluble pigment, and fragile sporangial membrane. In older cultures the fragility of the sporangial membrane results in the coalescence of the sporangiospores into large irregular masses. The type strain of S. fragile is SK&F-BC2496 (= ATCC 31519).
-
-
-
Nocardiopsis mutabilis, a New Species of Nocardioform Bacteria Isolated from Soil
More LessA nocardioform bacterium isolated from soil was studied. On the basis of cell wall composition and physiological characteristics, this organism was placed in the genus Nocardiopsis. This organism differed from the only previously described species of this genus by a number of morphological and biochemical characteristics, including inability to decompose adenine and xanthine, fragmentation in submerged cultures, growth in lysozyme broth, and possession of type PIV phospholipids. It also produced a novel antibiotic, polynitroxin. This organism is regarded as a new species, for which we propose the name Nocardiopsis mutabilis. The type strain of this species is SK&F-AAA025 (= ATCC 31520).
-
-
-
Halobacterium sodomense sp. nov., a Dead Sea Halobacterium with an Extremely High Magnesium Requirement
More LessA strain of Halobacterium was isolated from the Dead Sea. This isolate differs from the previously isolated halobacteria in (i) its requirement for sodium ions, which is lower than that of most other halobacteria (≥0.5 M), (ii) its requirement for divalent cations (Mg2+ or Ca2+), which is higher than that of most other halobacteria (optimal growth was obtained in the presence of 0.6 to 1.2 M Mg2+), (iii) its requirement for either starch or clay minerals (bentonite) for growth in the standard growth medium used, and (iv) its synthesis of purple membrane at low oxygen tensions in the light. This organism has been designated Halobacterium sodomense sp. nov. The type strain is strain ATCC 33755.
-
-
-
Mycoplasma genitalium, a New Species from the Human Urogenital Tract
More LessTwo mycoplasmas recovered from human urogenital tracts were similar in their biochemical and serological properties. These organisms possessed a unique terminal structure that appeared to be associated with attachment to tissue cells and erythrocytes. The organisms fermented glucose but did not hydrolyze urea or arginine. Growth occurred at 30 to 37°. Cholesterol was required for growth. Unlike most other mycoplasmas, both strains were susceptible to thallium acetate. These two organisms were serologically distinct from other Mycoplasma species and from a group of unclassified serotypes of mycoplasmas. On the basis of these findings and other morphological, biological, and serological properties of the microorganisms, we propose that mycoplasmas with these characteristics belong to a new species, Mycoplasma genitalium. Strain G-37 (= ATCC 33530) is the type strain.
-
-
-
NOTES: Proposal of Ancylobacter gen. nov. as a Substitute for the Bacterial Genus Microcyclus Ørskov 1928
More LessThe bacterial genus Microcyclus Ørskov 1928 is illegitimate because of precedence of the fungal genus Microcyclus Saccardo 1904. Therefore, a new genus name, Ancylobacter, is proposed as substitute for the bacterial genus. Thus, the type species Microcyclus aquaticus Ørskov becomes Ancylobacter aquaticus Ørskov Raj comb. nov.
-
-
-
Brucella Strains from Mouselike Rodents in Southwestern USSR
More LessBrucella strains isolated from mouselike rodents in the northern foothills of the Large Caucasus are phenotypically similar to Brucella suis. On the basis of several differential characteristics, these strains are considered to be a new biotype of B. suis.
-
-
-
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation Between Strains of Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lentus, and Intermediate Strains
More LessDeoxyribonucleic acid homologies were examined in 23 strains labeled Bacillus firmus, Bacillus lentus, or intermediate between these two species. With one exception (strain NRS 1560), the 11 strains assigned to B. firmus showed high homologies with the deoxyribonucleic acid of the type strain of B. firmus (ATCC 14575). However, the strains labeled B. lentus (five strains) or intermediate (seven strains) showed low homologies (approximately 5%) with the standard strains of B. firmus and with each other, except for one intermediate strain (NRS 1369), which showed high homology (98%) with one of the standard strains of B. firmus, and strains NRS 883 and NRS 1262 (both labeled B. lentus), which showed high homology (50%) with each other.
-
-
-
Streptococcus dysgalactiae (Diernhofer) nom. rev.
More LessStreptococcus dysgalactiae did not appear on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in 1980. This species is frequently isolated from milk and is well known as a cause of bovine mastitis. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization has shown that it is a species which is distinct from other species found in the same habitat. We propose that Streptococcus dysgalactiae be revived and recognized as a species, with NCDO 2023 as the type strain.
-
-
-
Lactobacillus yamanashiensis subsp. yamanashiensis and Lactobacillus yamanashiensis subsp. mali sp. and subsp. nov., nom. rev.
More LessThe name Lactobacillus yamanashiensis (Nonomura et al.) was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and currently has no standing in bacterial nomenclature. This name is here revived for the same organism with which it was originally associated. The type strain is 239 (= ATCC 27304).
-
-
-
Revival of the Name Spiroplasmataceae fam. nov., nom. rev., Omitted from the 1980 Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
More LessThe name Spiroplasmataceae Skripal’ 1974 was not included on the recently published Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and hence has no standing in bacteriological nomenclature. However, the name Spiroplasmataceae fam. nov. nom. rev. is herein revived for the organisms with which it was originally associated and many similar subsequently discovered organisms and by this action now has valid status. The type genus of Spiroplasmataceae is Spiroplasma Saglio, L’Hospital, Laflèche, Dupont, Bové, Tully, and Freundt 1973.
-
-
-
Transfer of Pseudomonas maltophilia Hugh 1981 to the Genus Xanthomonas as Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) comb. nov.
More LessGenotypic and phenotypic data (results of deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridizations, guanine-plus-cytosine content, comparative enzymology, type of ubiquinones, cellular fatty acid composition, growth, niches, and several other characteristics) showed that Pseudomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) is generically misnamed and should be transferred to Xanthomonas as Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) comb. nov.
-
-
-
Terminology Guidelines for Serotaxonomic Studies Using Immunodiffusion and Immunoelectrophoresis
More LessWe propose guidelines for terminology for the immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis methods used in serotaxonomy. These guidelines were prepared at the request of the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy, which endorsed them in 1981.
-
-
-
Specific Protein Differences Among Strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum as Determined by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis and a Sensitive Silver Stain
More LessThe proteins of nine strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum, representing serovars I through IX, were analyzed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and a sensitive silver staining procedure. The electrophoretic patterns of the nine strains tested could be divided into two distinct major groups, one group consisting of serovars II, IV, V, VII, VIII, and IX (group A) and one group consisting of serovars I, III, and VI (group B).
-
-
-
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relatedness Among Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, and Other Actinobacillus Species
More LessThe relationship among 22 strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 3 strains of Haemophilus aphrophilus, 1 reference strain of Actinobacillus lignieresii, and the type strain of Actinobacillus equuli were assessed by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridizations on membrane filters. We found that the A. actinomycetemcomitans strains formed a homogeneous group that was distinct from H. aphrophilus and the other Actinobacillus species. There was about 40% hybridization between H. aphrophilus DNA and A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA, indicating some similarity, but A. lignieresii and A. equuli DNAs hybridized much less (never more than 20%) with A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA.
-
-
-
Correction of Four Specific Epithets That Are Hyphenated in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
More LessFour species were listed in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names with hyphenated specific epithets, which is in conflict with Rule 12a of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. The hyphens are dropped, and the names are corrected to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, Propionibacterium acidipropionici, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Treponema paraluiscuniculi.
-
-
-
Synonymy of Strains of “Lactobacillus acidophilus” Group A2 (Johnson et al. 1980) with the Type Strain of Lactobacillus crispatus (Brygoo and Aladame 1953) Moore and Holdeman 1970
More LessThe type strain of Lactobacillus crispatus (VPI 3199, parent strain of strain ATCC 33820) and the deoxyribonucleic acid homology reference strain of “Lactobacillus acidophilus” group A2 (strain ATCC 33197) have 100% deoxyribonucleic acid homology. L. crispatus and strains in “L. acidophilus” group A2 also produce similar polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of soluble cellular proteins and are similar in other phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, the group A2 strains are members of the species L. crispatus (Brygoo and Aladame 1953) Moore and Holdeman 1970.
-
- Original Papers Relating To The Systematics Of Yeasts
-
-
-
Hansenula populi, a New Homothallic Species of Yeast from Exudates of Cottonwood Trees
More LessThe evolutionary affinities among several morphologically and physiologically similar species of the ascogenous yeast genus Hansenula were studied by a technique which involved genome comparisons in combination with nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid base composition determinations. The results revealed a new member of the genus Hansenula that was recovered five times in 1968 from slime exudates of Populus trichocarpa (cottonwood trees) in British Columbia and Alaska. This new species is named Hansenula populi because of its specific habitat in exudates of cottonwood trees. H. populi is homothallic and occurs naturally in the haploid state. Conjugation between vegetative cells precedes sporulation, and up to four hat-shaped spores are produced in zygotes. The spores are liberated from the asci soon after formation. H. populi resembles Hansenula nonfermentans and Hansenula dryadoides but differs from these species in habitat, guanine-plus-cytosine content of the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, maximum growth temperature, and ability to assimilate several carbon compounds. The type strain of H. populi is UCD-FS&T 68-628C (= CBS 8094 = ATCC 48773).
-
-
- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
-
-
-
Designation of a New Type Strain for Listeria monocytogenes Request for an Opinion
More LessWe request that strain ATCC 15313 be replaced by strain NCTC 7973 as the type strain of Listeria monocytogenes.
-
-
-
-
Conservation of the Name Micropolyspora Lechevalier, Solotorovsky, and McDurmont and Designation of Micropolyspora faeni Cross, Maciver, and Lacey as the Type Species of the Genus Request for an Opinion
More LessWe propose that the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology conserve the genus name Micropolyspora with Micropolyspora faeni Cross, Maciver, and Lacey 1968 (Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, 1980) as the type species. This proposal is made in the interest of nomenclatural stability and in order to avoid confusion in the literature after the reclassification of the original type species, Micropolyspora brevicatena Lechevalier, Solotorovsky, and McDurmont 1969 (Approved Lists, 1980), as Nocardia brevicatena (Lechevalier, Solotorovosky, and McDurmont) Goodfellow and Pirouz 1982 and demonstration of the synonymy of M. faeni with Micropolyspora rectivirgula Krassilnikov and Agre 1964 (Approved Lists, 1980). M. faeni is the main causative agent of farmer&s lung disease and other forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Consequently, the binomial M. faeni has been used in numerous scientific and medical publications, whereas M. rectivirgula appears in few. The genus Micropolyspora so conserved would also include Micropolyspora angiospora Zhukova, Tsyganov, and Morozov 1968 (Approved Lists, 1980) and Micropolyspora internatus Agre, Guzeva, and Dorkhova 1974 (Approved Lists, 1980).
-
Volumes and issues
-
Volume 74 (2024)
-
Volume 73 (2023)
-
Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
-
Volume 71 (2020 - 2021)
-
Volume 70 (2020)
-
Volume 69 (2019)
-
Volume 68 (2018)
-
Volume 67 (2017)
-
Volume 66 (2016)
-
Volume 65 (2015)
-
Volume 64 (2014)
-
Volume 63 (2013)
-
Volume 62 (2012)
-
Volume 61 (2011)
-
Volume 60 (2010)
-
Volume 59 (2009)
-
Volume 58 (2008)
-
Volume 57 (2007)
-
Volume 56 (2006)
-
Volume 55 (2005)
-
Volume 54 (2004)
-
Volume 53 (2003)
-
Volume 52 (2002)
-
Volume 51 (2001)
-
Volume 50 (2000)
-
Volume 49 (1999)
-
Volume 48 (1998)
-
Volume 47 (1997)
-
Volume 46 (1996)
-
Volume 45 (1995)
-
Volume 44 (1994)
-
Volume 43 (1993)
-
Volume 42 (1992)
-
Volume 41 (1991)
-
Volume 40 (1990)
-
Volume 39 (1989)
-
Volume 38 (1988)
-
Volume 37 (1987)
-
Volume 36 (1986)
-
Volume 35 (1985)
-
Volume 34 (1984)
-
Volume 33 (1983)
-
Volume 32 (1982)
-
Volume 31 (1981)
-
Volume 30 (1980)
-
Volume 29 (1979)
-
Volume 28 (1978)
-
Volume 27 (1977)
-
Volume 26 (1976)
-
Volume 25 (1975)
-
Volume 24 (1974)
-
Volume 23 (1973)
-
Volume 22 (1972)
-
Volume 21 (1971)
-
Volume 20 (1970)
-
Volume 19 (1969)
-
Volume 18 (1968)
-
Volume 17 (1967)
-
Volume 16 (1966)
-
Volume 15 (1965)
-
Volume 14 (1964)
-
Volume 13 (1963)
-
Volume 12 (1962)
-
Volume 11 (1961)
-
Volume 10 (1960)
-
Volume 9 (1959)
-
Volume 8 (1958)
-
Volume 7 (1957)
-
Volume 6 (1956)
-
Volume 5 (1955)
-
Volume 4 (1954)
-
Volume 3 (1953)
-
Volume 2 (1952)
-
Volume 1 (1951)