1887

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY logo

Volume 33, Issue 2

Numerical Taxonomy of Vibrios Isolated from Estuarine Environments Free

Abstract

We used numerical taxonomy procedures to analyze data obtained from 227 strains belonging to either the genus or related genera; included were pathogenic and nonpathogenic vibrios isolated from a variety of samples and geographic locations. Each strain was tested for 150 unit characters. At a similarity coefficient of 70 to 75% or more, the 227 strains clustered into 33 phena, representing , and new species of . Non-O1 and O1 serovars of clustered at the species level of relationship (i.e., at a similarity coefficient of ≥75%). Furthermore, subdivision of into classical, El Tor, , and biovars was not observed. In fact, the biovar was found to warrant separate species status as . Only the sucrose-negative members of Heiberg group V were distinguishable as a separate cluster and were recognized as a separate biovar. Sucrose-positive strains and urease-positive strains of were identified. The differences among the four groups of examined did not warrant recognition of biovars.

  • Published Online:
Copyright © 1983 International Union of Microbiological Societies
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229
1983-04-01
2024-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/33/2/ijs-33-2-229.html?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Anderson R. S., Ordal E. J. 1972; Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships among marine vibrios. J. Bacteriol. 109:696–706
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Ayres P. A., Barrow G. I. 1978; The distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in British coastal waters: report of a collaborative study, 1975–1976. J. Hyg. 80:281–294
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Baird-Parker A. C. 1963; A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. J. Gen. Microbiol. 30:409–427
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Baumann P., Bang S. S., Baumann L. 1978; Phenotypic characterization of Beneckea anguillara biotypes I and II. Curr. Microbiol. 1:85–88
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Baumann P., Baumann L., Bang S. S., Woolkalis M. J. 1980; Reevaluation of the taxonomy of Vibrio, Beneckea and Photobacterium: abolition of the genus Beneckea . Curr. Microbiol. 4:127–132
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Baumann P., Baumann L., Mandel M. 1971; Taxonomy of marine bacteria: the genus Beneckea . J. Bacteriol. 107:268–294
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Baumann P., Baumann L., Mandel M., Allen R. D. 1971; Taxonomy of marine bacteria: Beneckea nigrapulchrituda sp. n. J. Bacteriol. 108:1380–1383
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Blake P. A., Merson M. H., Weaver R. E., Hollis D. G., Heublein P. C. 1979; Disease caused by a marine vibrio. Clinical characteristics and epidemiology. N. Engl. J. Med. 300:1–5
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Blazevic D. J., Ederer G. M. 1975 Principles of biochemical tests in diagnostic microbiology John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York:
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Breed R. S., Murray E. G., Smith N. R. 1957 Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 7. The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Citarella R. V., Colwell R. R. 1970; Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Vibrio: polynucleotide sequence relationships among selected Vibrio species. J. Bacteriol. 104:434–442
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Clark W. A., Steigerwalt A. G. 1977; Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation experiments with a halophilic. lactose-fermenting Vibrio isolated from blood cultures. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 27:194–199
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Colwell R. R. 1970; Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Vibrio: numerical taxonomy of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and related Vibrio species. J. Bacteriol. 104:410–433
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Colwell R. R. 1974; Occurrence and biology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . 230–240 Schlessinger D. Microbiology—1974. American Society for Microbiology; Washington, D.C.:
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Colwell R. R., Morita R. Y. 1964; Reisolation and emendation of description of Vibrio marinus (Rüssel) Ford. J. Bacteriol. 88:831–837
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Colwell R. R., Seidler R. J., Kaper J., Joseph S. W., Garges S., Lockman H., Maneval D., Bradford H., Roberts N., Remmers E., Huq I., Huq A. 1981; Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype 0-1 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:555–558
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Colwell R. R., Wiebe W. J. 1970; “Core” characteristics for use in classifying aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria by numerical taxonomy. Bull. Ga. Acad. Sci. 18:165–185
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Cowan S. T. 1974; Cowan and Steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge:
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Crosa J. H., Hodges L. L., Schiewe M. H. 1980; Curing of a plasmid is correlated with an attenuation of virulence in the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum . Infect. Immun. 27:879–902
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Crosa J. H., Schiewe M. H., Falkow S. 1977; Evidence for plasmid contribution to the virulence of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum . Infect. Immun. 18:509–513
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Davey R. B., Pittard J. 1975; Potential for in vivo acquisition of R plasmids by one strain of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 8:111–116
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Davis B. R., Fanning G. R., Madden J. M., Steigerwalt A. G., Bradford H. B. Jr., Smith H. L. Jr., Brenner D. J. 1981; Characterization of biochemically atypical Vibrio cholerae strains and designation of a new pathogenic species, Vibrio mimicus . J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:631–639
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Dubos R. J. 1928; The decomposition of cellulose by aerobic bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 15:223–234
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Ducklow H. W., Tarraza H. M. Jr., Mitchell R. 1980; Experimental pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for the schistosome-bearing snail Biomphalaria glabrata . Can. J. Microbiol. 26:503–506
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Evelyn T. P. T. 1971; First records of vibriosis in Pacific salmon cultured in Canada, and taxonomic status of the responsible bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum . J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 28:517–525
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Ewing W. H., Hugh R. 1974 Aeromonas230–237 Lennette E. H., Spaulding E. H., Truant J. P. Manual of clinical microbiology American Society for Microbiology; Washington, D.C.:
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Falcao D. P., Trabulsi L. R., Hickman F. W., Farmer J. J. III 1975; Unusual Enterobacteriaceae: lactose-positive Salmonella typhimurium which is endemic in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:349–353
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Farmer J. J. III 1979; Vibrio (“Beneckea”) vulnificus, the bacterium associated with sepsis, septicemia, and the sea. Lancet ii:903
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Feeley J. C., Balows A. 1974 Vibrio238–245 Lennette E. H., Spaulding E. H., Truant J. R. Manual of clinical microbiology American Society for Microbiology; Washington, D.C.:
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Finkelstein R. A. 1973; Cholera. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2:553–623
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Fujino T., Sakazaki R., Tamura K. 1974; Designation of the type strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and description of 200 strains of the species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 24:447–449
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Fujino T., Sakazaki R., Tamura K. 1974; The proposed type strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . 159–161 Fujino T., Sakaguchi G., Sakazaki R., Takeda Y. International Symposium on V. parahaemolyticus Saiken Publishing Co.; Tokyo:
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Gilmour A. 1977; Characteristics of marine vibrios isolated from fish farm tanks. Aquaculture 11:51–62
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Gölten C., Scheffers W. A. 1975; Marine vibrios isolated from water along the Dutch coast. Neth. J. Sea Res. 9:351–364
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Gordon R. E. 1967; The taxonomy of soil bacteria. 293–321 Gray T. R. G, Parkinson D. The ecology of soil bacteria University Press; Liverpool:
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Hanell L. W., Novotny A. J., Schiewe M. H., Hodgins H. O. 1976; Isolation and description of two vibrios pathogenic to Pacific salmon in Puget Sound, Washington. Fish Bull. (U.S.) 74:447–449
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Harwood C. S. 1978; Beneckea gazogenes sp. nov., a red, facultatively anaerobic, marine bacterium. Curr. Microbiol. 1:233–238
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Hastein T., Smith J. E. 1977; A study of Vibrio anguillarum from farmed and wild fish using principal components analysis. J. Fish Biol. 11:69–75
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Heibert B. 1936; The biochemical reaction of vibrios. J. Hyg. 36:114–117
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Hendrie M. S., Hodgkiss W., Shewan J. M. 1970; The identification, taxonomy and classification of luminous bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 64:151–169
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Hendrie M. S., Hodgkiss W., Shewan J. M. 1971; Proposal that the species Vibrio anguillarum Bergman 1909, Vibrio piscium David 1927, and Vibrio ichthyodermis (Wells and Zobell) Shewan, Hobbs, and Hodgkiss 1960 be combined as a single species, Vibrio anguillarum . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 21:64–68
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Hickman F. W., Farmer J. J., Hollis D. G., Fanning G. R., Steigerwalt A. G., Weaver R. E., Brenner D. J. 1982; Identification of Vibrio hollisae sp. nov. from patients with diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:395–401
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Hollis D. G., Weaver R. E., Baker C. N., Thornsberry C. 1976; Halophilic Vibrio species isolated from blood cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:425–431
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Hsu S. C., Lockwood J. L. 1975; Powdered chitin agar as a selective medium for enumeration of actinomycetes in water and soil. Appl. Microbiol. 29:422–426
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Hucker G. J., Conn H. J. 1923; Methods of Gram staining. Technical Bulletin 93 New York State Agriculture Experiment Station; Ithaca:
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Hugh R., Gilardi G. L. 1974 Pseudomonas250–269 Lennette E. H., Spaulding E. H., Truant J. P. Manual of clinical microbiology American Society for Microbiology; Washington, D.C.:
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hugh R., Leifson E. 1953; The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 66:24–26
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Hugh R., Sakazaki R. 1975Minutes of the meeting of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Vibrios, 3 September 1974 Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25389–391
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Huq M. I., Alam A. K. M. J., Brenner D. J., Morris G. K. 1980; Isolation of Vibrio-like group, EF-6, from patients with diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11:621–624
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Huq M. I., Huber D., Kibryia G. 1979; Isolation of urease producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from cases of gastroenteritis. Indian J. Med. Res. 70:540–553
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Jegathesan M., Paramasivam T. 1976; Hydrogen sulfide production as an aid to the identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 7:377–379
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Johnson E. M., Wohlhieter J. A., Placek B. P., Sleet R. B., Baron L. S. 1976; Plasmid-determined ability of a Salmonella tennessee strain to ferment lactose and sucrose. J. Bacteriol. 125:385–386
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Kampelmacher E. H. 1977; The spread and significance of salmonellae in surface waters in the Netherlands. 148–158 Hoadley A. W., Dutka D. J. Bacterial indicators/health hazards associated with water American Society for Testing and Materials; Philadelphia:
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Kaper J. B., Moseley S. L., Falkow S. 1981; Molecular characterization of environmental and nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae . Infect. Immun. 32:661–667
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Kiehn E. D., Pacha R. E. 1969; Characterization and relatedness of marine vibrios pathogenic to fish: deoxyribonucleic acid homology and base composition. J. Bacteriol. 100:1248–1255
     [Google Scholar]
  56. King E. O., Ward M. K., Raney D. E. 1954; Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301–307
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Kovacs N. 1928; Eine vereinfachte Methode zum Nachweis der Indolbildung durch Bakterien. Z. Immunitaetsforsch. Exp. Ther. 55:311
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Kovacs N. 1956; Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidase reaction. Nature (London) 178:703
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Lam S., Yeo M. 1980; Urease-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:57–59
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Lee J. V., Donovan T. J., Furniss A. L. 1978; Characterization, taxonomy, and emended description of Vibrio metschnikovii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:99–111
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Lee J. V., Gibson D. M., Shewan J. M. 1977; A numerical taxonomic study of some Pseudomonas-like marine bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 98:439–451
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Lee J. V., Shread P., Furniss A. L., Bryant T. 1981; Taxonomy and description of Vibrio fluvialis sp. nov. (synonym, group F vibrios, group EF-6). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 50:73–94
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Leifson E. 1963; Determination of carbohydrate metabolism of marine bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 85:1183–1184
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Levin M. A., Wolke R. E., Cabelli V. J. 1972; Vibrio anguillarum as a cause of disease in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Can. J. Microbiol. 18:1585–1592
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Love M., Teebken-Fisher D., Hose J. E., Farmer J. J., Hickman F. W., Fanning G. R. 1981; Vibrio damsela, a marine bacterium, causes skin ulcers on the damselfish Chromis punctippinis. Science 214:1139–1140
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Lovelace T. E., Colwell R. R. 1968; A multipoint inoculator for petri dishes. Appl. Microbiol. 16:944–945
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Moeller V. 1955; Simplified tests for some amino acid decarboxylases and for the arginine dihydrolase system. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 36:158–172
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Nybelin O. 1935; Untersuchungen über den bei Fischen Krankheitserregenden Spaltpilz Vibrio anguillarum. Medd. Untersokn. Anst. Sotvattensfisk. Stockholm 8:3–62
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Olsen R. H., Carey K., Lorenz D. 1975; Plasmid gene expression and possible hybridization between Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. 134–143In Proceedings of the 11th Joint Conference on Cholera National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Md.:
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Pacha R. E., Kiehn E. D. 1969; Characterization and relatedness of marine vibrios pathogenic to fish: physiology, serology, and epidemiology. J. Bacteriol. 100:1242–1247
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Popoff M., Veron M. 1976; A taxonomic study of the Aeromonas hydrophila-Aeromonas punctata group. J. Gen. Microbiol. 94:11–22
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Rahal K., Gerbaud G., Bauanchaud D. H. 1978; Stability of R plasmids belonging to different incompata-bility groups in Vibrio cholerae “El Tor.” Ann. Microbiol. (Paris) 129A:409–414
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Reichelt J. L., Baumann P. 1973; Taxonomy of the marine, luminous bacteria. Arch. Mikrobiol. 94:282–330
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Reichelt J. L., Baumann P., Baumann L. 1976; Study of genetic relationships among marine species of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization. Arch. Microbiol. 110:101–120
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Sakazaki R. 1968; Proposal of Vibrio alginolyticus for the biotype 2 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 21:359–362
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Sakazaki R., Gomez O. C. Z., Sebald M. 1967; Taxonomic studies of the so-called NAG vibrios. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 20:265–280
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Sakazaki R., Iwanami S., Fukumi H. 1963; Studies on the enteropathogenic, facultatively halophilic bacterium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. I. Morphological, cultural and biochemical properties and its taxonomical position. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 16:161–188
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Sanyal S. C., Sakazaki R., Prescott L. M., Sinha R. 1973; Isolation of rapidly lactose-fermenting Vibrio cholerae strains. J. Med. Microbiol. 6:119–120
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Schiewe M. H., Croia J. H. 1981; Molecular characterization of Vibrio anguillarum biotype 2. Can. J. Microbiol. 27:1011–1018
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Schiewe M. H., Crosa J. H., Ordal E. J. 1977; Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships among marine vibrios pathogenic to fish. Can. J. Microbiol. 23:954–958
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Schubert R. H. W. 1974; Genus Aeromonas Kluyver and van Niel. 345–348 Buchanan R. E., Gibbons N. E. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8. The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Shewan J. M., Veron M. 1974; Genus Vibrio Pacini. 340–345 Buchanan R. E., Gibbons N. E. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8. The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Sierra G. 1957; A simple method for the detection of lipolytic activity of microorganisms and some observations on the influence of the contact between cells and fatty substrates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 23:15–22
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Smith H. L. Jr., Goodner K. 1958; Detection of bacterial gelatinases by gelatin agar plate methods. J. Bacteriol. 76:662–665
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Smith I. W. 1961; A disease of finnock due to Vibrio anguillarum. J. Gen. Microbiol. 24:247–252
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Smith R. E., Willett N. P. 1968; Rapid plate method for screening hyaluronidase- and chondroitin sulfatase-producing microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. 16:1434–1436
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Sneath P. H. A. 1956; Cultural and biochemical characteristics of the genus Chromobacterium. J. Gen. Microbiol. 15:70–98
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Sneath P. H. A. 1957; The application of computers to taxonomy. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17:201–226
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Sneath P. H. A., Sokal R. R. 1973; Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. W. H. Freeman; San Francisco:
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Sneath P. H. A., Stevens M. 1967; A divided petri dish for use with multipoint inoculators. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 30:495–497
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Sokal R. E., Michener C. D. 1958; A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 38:1409–1438
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Staley T. E., Colwell R. R. 1973; Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation among members of the genus Vibrio. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:316–332
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Stephen S., Vaz A. L., Chandrashekara I., Rao K. N. A. 1978; Characterization of Vibrio alginolyticus (Beneckea alginolytica) isolated from the fauna of Arabian sea. Indian J. Med. Res. 68:7–11
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Stevenson I. L. 1967; Utilization of aromatic hydrocarbons by Arthrobacter spp. Can. J. Microbiol. 13:205–211
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Stuart C. A., Van Stratum E., Rustigian R. 1945; Further studies on urease production by Proteus and related organisms. J. Bacteriol. 49:437–444
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Threlfall E. J., Rowe B., Huq I. 1980; Plasmid-encoded multiple antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae El Tor from Bangladesh. Lancet 1:1247–1248
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Turova T. P., Antonov A. S. 1977; Similarity between polynucleotide sequences of DNA from cholera and the so-called non-agglutinating vibrios. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 54:47–49
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Twedt R. M., Spaulding P. L., Hall H. E. 1969; Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological comparisons of Japanese strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with related cultures isolated in the United States. J. Bacteriol. 98:511–518
     [Google Scholar]
  99. West P. A., Daniel R. M., Knowles C. J., Lee J. V. 1978; Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediame (TMPD) oxidase activity and cytochrome distribution in the genus Vibrio . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 4:339–342
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Yokota T., Kuwahara S. 1977; Temperature-sensitive R plasmid obtained from naturally isolated drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae (biotype El Tor). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11:13–20
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Zen-Yoyi H., Safcai S., Terayama T., Kudo Y., Benoki M., Nagasaki M. 1965; Epidemiology, entero-pathogenicity, and classification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus . J. Infect. Dis. 115:436–444
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229
Loading
Numerical Taxonomy of Vibrios Isolated from Estuarine Environments
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 33, 229 (1983); https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229
/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229
/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-33-2-229
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error