1887
  1. Home
  2. Publications
  3. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
  4. Volume 65, Issue 8
  5. Article

f New record of (Ciliophora, Urostylida) from the UK: morphology, 18S rRNA gene phylogeny and notes on morphogenesis

PDF
1.19 MB
HTML
109.03 Kb
  • Authors: Xiaozhong Hu1​ ,2​ ,  Yangbo Fan1​ , Alan Warren2​
    • VIEW AFFILIATIONS
    • 1​ 1​ Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China 2​ 2​ Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
  • Xiaozhong Hu [email protected]
  • First Published Online: 01 August 2015, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65: 2549-2561, doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.000301
  • Subject: NEW TAXA - Eukaryotic micro-organisms
  • Cover date:
Preview this:
Free Preview thumbnail Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

New record of (Ciliophora, Urostylida) from the UK: morphology, 18S rRNA gene phylogeny and notes on morphogenesis, Page 1 of 1

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/ijsem/65/8/2549_ijs000301-1.gif

  • The benthic urostylid ciliate Fan , 2014 was isolated from a salt marsh at Blakeney, UK, and reinvestigated using light microscopy and small-subunit rRNA gene sequencing. Morphologically, it corresponds well with the original description. Several stages of divisional morphogenesis and physiological reorganization were also observed from which the following could be deduced: (i) the oral apparatus is completely newly built in the proter; (ii) frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage II does not produce a buccal cirrus; (iii) each of the posteriormost three or four anlagen contributes one transverse cirrus at its posterior end; (iv) a row of frontoterminal cirri originates from the rearmost frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage; (v) the last midventral row is formed from the penultimate frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlage. Based on new data, two diagnostic features were added to the genus definition: (i) the midventral complex is composed of midventral pairs and midventral row and (ii) pretransverse ventral cirri are absent. Based on a combination of morphological and morphogenetic data, the genus is assigned to the recently erected subfamily Nothoholostichinae Paiva , 2014 , which is consistent with sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene data. It is also concluded that this benthic species, previously reported only from China, is not an endemic form.

  • The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the SSU rRNA gene sequence of the UK population of is KJ000285.

  • A supplementary table and a supplementary figure are available with the online Supplementary Material.

  • Abbreviations:
    AZM adoral zone of membranelles
    BI Bayesian inference
    ML maximum-likelihood
    SSU small subunit.

© 2015 IUMS | Published by the Microbiology Society

  • Baek Y. , Jung J. , Min G. . ( 2011;). Redescription of two marine ciliates (Ciliophora: Urostylida: Pseudokeronopsidae), Pseudokeronopsis carnea Uroleptopsis citrina, from Korea. Korean J Syst Zool 27: 220––227 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Berger H. . [CrossRef] ( 2006;). Monograph of the Urostyloidea (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) (Monographiae Biologicae vol. 85). Dordrecht: Springer;.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Borror A. . ( 1965;). New and little-known tidal marsh ciliates. Trans Am Microsc Soc 84: 550––565 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Borror A.C. . ( 1966;). Paraholosticha polychaeta n. sp. (Ciliata, Hypotrichida) from a New Hampshire tidal marsh. J Protozool 13: 418––421 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Borror A. . ( 1968;). Ecology of interstitial ciliates. Trans Am Microsc Soc 87: 233––243 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Borror A. . ( 1972;). Tidal marsh ciliates (Protozoa): morphology, ecology, systematics. Acta Protozool 10: 29––71.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Borror A. , Wicklow B. . ( 1983;). The suborder Urostylina Jankowski (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): morphology, systematics and identification of species. Acta Protozool 22: 97––126.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Chen X.M. , Clamp J. , Song W. . ( 2011;). Phylogeny and systematic revision of the family Pseudokeronopsidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with description of a new estuarine species of Pseudokeronopsis . Zool Scr 40: 659––671.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  • Chen L. , Liu W. , Liu A. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Shao C. . ( 2013a;). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate, Hypotrichidium paraconicum n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 60: 588––600 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Chen X. , Shao C. , Liu X. , Huang J. , Al-Rasheid K.A. . ( 2013b;). Morphology and phylogenies of two hypotrichous brackish-water ciliates from China, Neourostylopsis orientalis n. sp. and Protogastrostyla sterkii (Wallengren, 1900) n. comb., with establishment of a new genus Neourostylopsis n. gen. (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63: 1197––1209 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Chen X. , Shao C. , Lin X. , Clamp J.C. , Song W. . ( 2013c;). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new brackish-water species of Amphisiella (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with notes on morphogenesis. Eur J Protistol 49: 453––466 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Chen X. , Hu X. , Lin X. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Ma H. , Miao M. . ( 2013d;). Morphology, ontogeny and molecular phylogeny of a new brackish water ciliate Bakuella subtropica sp. n. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from southern China. Eur J Protistol 49: 611––622 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Chen X.R. , Zhao Y. , Al-Farraj S. , Al-Quraishy S.A. , El-Serehy H. , Shao C. , Al-Rasheid K.A. . ( 2013e;). Taxonomic descriptions of two marine ciliates, Euplotes dammamensis n. sp. and Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida), collected from the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Acta Protozool 52: 73––89.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Choi J. , Kim J. , Shin M. . ( 2011;). First record of two urostyloid ciliates (Spirotrichea: Urostylida: Urostyloidea) from brackish water in Korea. Korean J Syst Zool 27: 228––238 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Czapik A. . ( 1962;). Mikrofauna słonawego jeziora Ptasi Raj. Pol Arch Hydrobiol 10: 371––378 (in Polish).
     [Google Scholar]
  • Dai R. , Xu K. , He Y. . ( 2013;). Morphological, physiological, and molecular evidences suggest that Euplotes parawoodruffi is a junior synonym of Euplotes woodruffi (Ciliophora, Euplotida). J Eukaryot Microbiol 60: 70––78 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Fan Y. , Warren A. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Chen X. , Shao C. . ( 2013;). Morphology and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of two Diophrys-like ciliates from northern China, with notes on morphogenesis of Pseudodiophrys nigricans (Protozoa, Ciliophora). J Morphol 274: 395––403 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Fan Y. , Chen X. , Hu X. , Shao C. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Lin X. . ( 2014a;). Morphology and morphogenesis of Apoholosticha sinica n.g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia), with consideration of its systematic position among urostylids. Eur J Protistol 50: 78––88 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Fan Y. , Hu X. , Gao F. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Al-Rasheid K.A. . ( 2014b;). Morphology, ontogenetic features and SSU rRNA gene-based phylogeny of a soil ciliate, Bistichella cystiformans spec. nov. (Protista, Ciliophora, Stichotrichia). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64: 4049––4060 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Fan Y. , Pan Y. , Huang J. , Lin X. , Hu X. , Warren A. . ( 2014c;). Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of two novel brackish water hypotrich ciliates, with the establishment of a new genus, Antiokeronopsis gen. n. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 61: 449––462 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Fauré-Fremiet E. . ( 1912;). Études cytologiques sur quelques infusoires des marais salants du Croisic. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp 13: 401 (in French).
     [Google Scholar]
  • Foissner W. . ( 2012;). Schmidingerothrix extraordinaria nov. gen., nov. spec., a secondarily oligomerized hypotrich (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Schmidingerotrichidae nov. fam.) from hypersaline soils of Africa. Eur J Protistol 48: 237––251 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Gouy M. , Guindon S. , Gascuel O. . ( 2010;). SeaView version 4: a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Mol Biol Evol 27: 221––224 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Guella G. , Frassanito R. , Mancini I. , Sandron T. , Modeo L. , Verni , Dini F. , Petroni F. . ( 2010;). Keronopsamides, a new class of pigments from marine ciliates. Eur J Org Chem 427––434 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Hall T. . ( 1999;). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41: 95––98.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Heber D. , Stoeck T. , Foissner W. . ( 2014;). Morphology and ontogenesis of Psilotrichides hawaiiensis nov. gen., nov. spec. and molecular phylogeny of the Psilotrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). J Eukaryot Microbiol 61: 260––277 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Höfle G. , Pohlan S. , Uhlig G. , Kabbe K. , Schumacher D. , Keronopsins A. . ( 1994;). Keronopsins A and B, chemical defence substances of the marine ciliate Pseudokeronopsis rubra (Protozoa): identification by ex vivo HPLC. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 33: 1495––1497 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Hu X. , Song W. . ( 2001;). Morphological redescription and morphogenesis of the marine ciliate, Pseudokeronopsis rubra (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). Acta Protozool 40: 107––115.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Hu X. , Warren A. , Suzuki T. . ( 2004;). Morphology and morphogenesis of two marine ciliates, Pseudokeronopsis pararubra sp. n. and Amphisiella annulata from China and Japan (Protozoa: Ciliophora). Acta Protozool 43: 351––368.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Hu X. , Huang J. , Warren A. . ( 2012;). The morphology and phylogeny of two euplotid ciliates, Diophrys blakeneyensis spec. nov. and Diophrys oligothrix Borror, 1965 (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Euplotida). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62: 2757––2773 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Huang J. , Chen Z. , Song W. , Berger H. . ( 2014;). Three-gene based phylogeny of the Urostyloidea (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with notes on classification of some core taxa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 70: 337––347 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Jiang J. , Huang J. , Li L. , Shao C. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Chen Z. . ( 2013a;). Morphology, ontogeny, and molecular phylogeny of two novel bakuellid-like hypotrichs (Ciliophora: Hypotrichia), with establishment of two new genera. Eur J Protistol 49: 78––92 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Jiang J. , Huang J. , Li J. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Ma H. , Lin X. , Hu X. . ( 2013b;). Morphology of two marine euplotids (Ciliophora: Euplotida), Aspidisca fusca A. hexeris, with notes on their small subunit rRNA gene sequences. Eur J Protistol 49: 634––643 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Jiang J. , Xing Y. , Miao M. , Shao C. , Warren A. , Song W. . ( 2013c;). Two new marine ciliates, Caryotricha rariseta n. sp. and Discocephalus pararotatorius n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea), with phylogenetic analyses inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequences. J Eukaryot Microbiol 60: 388––398 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Jung J. , Baek Y. , Kim S. , Choi H. , Min G. . ( 2011a;). A new marine ciliate, Metaurostylopsis antarctica nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Urostylida) from the Antarctic ocean. Acta Protozool 50: 289––300.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Jung J. , Baek Y. , Min G. . ( 2011b;). New record of two Apokeronopsis species (Ciliophora: Urostylida: Pseudokeronopsidae) from Korea. Korean J Syst Zool 27: 115––122 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Kahl A. . ( 1928;). Die Infusorien der Oldesloer Salzwasserstellen. Arch Hydrobiol 19: 50––123 (in German).
     [Google Scholar]
  • Kim J.H. , Vd'ačný P. , Shazib S.U. , Shin M.K. . ( 2014;). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Apoterritricha lutea n.g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Hypotrichia): a putative missing link connecting Cyrtohymena Afrokeronopsis . J Eukaryot Microbiol 61: 520––536 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Kirby H. . ( 1934;). Some ciliates from salt marshes in California. Arch Protistenkd 82: 114––133.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Li L. , Zhang Q. , Hu X. , Warren A. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Khedheiry A.A. , Song W. . ( 2009;). A redescription of the marine hypotrichous ciliate, Nothoholosticha fasciola (Kahl, 1932) nov. gen., nov. comb. (Ciliophora: Urostylida) with brief notes on its cellular reorganization and SS rRNA gene sequence. Eur J Protistol 45: 237––248 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Li L. , Khan S.N. , Ji D. , Shin M.K. , Berger H. . ( 2011;). Morphology and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of the new brackish water ciliate Neobakuella flava n.g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Bakuellidae) and SSU rRNA gene sequences of six additional hypotrichs from Korea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 58: 339––351 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Lu X. , Gao F. , Shao C. , Hu X. , Warren A. . ( 2014;). Morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a new marine ciliate, Trichototaxis marina n. sp. (Ciliophora, Urostylida). Eur J Protistol 50: 524––537 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Luo X. , Hu X. , Suzuki T. . ( 2014;). Microscopic investigation of three species of Diophrys (Ciliophora, Euplotida, Uronychiidae) from Japan, including Diophrys peculiaris nov. spec. Eur J Protistol 50: 496––508.[CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  • Lynn D. . ( 2008;). The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature , 3rd edn. Dordrecht: Springer;.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Medlin L. , Elwood H.J. , Stickel S. , Sogin M.L. . ( 1988;). The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 71: 491––499 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Miller M.A. , Pfeiffer W. , Schwartz T. . ( 2010;). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. . In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), pp. 1––8 14 November 2010, New Orleans, LA, USA.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Modeo L. , Petroni G. , Lobban C.S. , Verni F. , Vannini C. . ( 2013;). Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization of Euplotidium rosati n. sp. (Ciliophora, Euplotida) from Guam. J Eukaryot Microbiol 60: 25––36 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Nylander J. . ( 2004;). Mr Modeltest version 2. Distributed by the author. Uppsala: Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
  • Paiva T.S. , de Albuquerque A.F. , Borges B.N. , Harada M.L. . ( 2014;). Description and phylogeny of Tetrakeronopsis silvanetoi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hypotricha, Pseudokeronopsidae), a new benthic marine ciliate from Brazil. PLoS One 9: e88954 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Pan X. , Gao F. , Liu W. , Fan X. , Warren A. , Song W. . ( 2013a;). Morphology and SSU rRNA gene sequences of three Frontonia species, including a description of F. subtropica spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Peniculida). Eur J Protistol 49: 67––77 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Pan Y. , Li J. , Li L. , Hu X. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Warren A. . ( 2013b;). Ontogeny and molecular phylogeny of a new marine ciliate genus, Heterokeronopsis g.n. (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hypotricha), with description of a new species. Eur J Protistol 49: 298––311 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Park K. , Jung J. , Min G. . ( 2012;). Redescription of two urostylid ciliates (Ciliophora: Urostylida), Anteholosticha pulchra Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae from Korea. Anim Syst Evol Divers 28: 20––28 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Park K.M. , Jung J.H. , Min G.S. . ( 2013;). Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of Anteholosticha multicirrata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) with a note on morphogenesis of A. pulchra (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2003. J Eukaryot Microbiol 60: 564––577 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Penn O. , Privman E. , Ashkenazy H. , Landan G. , Graur D. , Pupko T. . ( 2010;). guidance: a web server for assessing alignment confidence scores. Nucleic Acids Res 38: (Web Server), W23––W28 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Posada D. , Crandall K.A. . ( 1998;). modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817––818 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Ronquist F. , Huelsenbeck J.P. . ( 2003;). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572––1574 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Shao C. , Hu X. , Warren A. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Quraishy S.A. , Song W. . ( 2007;). Morphogenesis in the marine spirotrichous ciliate Apokeronopsis crassa (Claparède & Lachmann, 1858) n. comb. (Ciliophora: Stichotrichia), with the establishment of a new genus, Apokeronopsis n.g., and redefinition of the genus Thigmokeronopsis . J Eukaryot Microbiol 54: 392––401 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Shao C. , Ding Y. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Al-Farraj S.A. , Warren A. , Song W. . ( 2013a;). Establishment of a new hypotrichous genus, Heterotachysoma n. gen. and notes on the morphogenesis of Hemigastrostyla enigmatica (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 49: 93––105 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Shao C. , Pan X. , Jiang J. , Ma H. , Al-Rasheid K.A. , Warren A. , Lin X. . ( 2013b;). A redescription of the oxytrichid Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 and notes on morphogenesis in the marine urostylid Metaurostylopsis salina Lei et al., 2005 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Eur J Protistol 49: 272––282 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Shi X. , Hu X. , Warren A. , Liu G. . ( 2007;). Redescription of morphology and morphogenesis of the freshwater ciliate, Pseudokeronopsis similis (Stokes, 1886) Borror and Wicklow 1983 (Ciliophora: Urostylida). Acta Protozool 46: 41––54.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Stamatakis A. , Hoover P. , Rougemont J. . ( 2008;). A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Syst Biol 57: 758––771 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Tamura K. , Stecher G. , Peterson D. , Filipski A. , Kumar S. . ( 2013;). mega6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30: 2725––2729 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Wanick R. , Silva-Neto I. . ( 2004;). Benthic ciliates from Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) with description of Pseudokeronopsis sepetibensis n. sp. (Spirotrichea: Urostylida). Zootaxa 587: 1––11.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Webb M. . ( 1956;). An ecological study of brackish water ciliates. J Anim Ecol 25: 148––175 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Weisse T. , Moser M. , Scheffel U. , Stadler P. , Berendonk T. , Weithoff G. , Berger H. . ( 2013;). Systematics and species-specific response to pH of Oxytricha acidotolerans sp. nov. and Urosomoida sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha) from acid mining lakes. Eur J Protistol 49: 255––271 [CrossRef] [PubMed].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Wilbert N. . ( 1975;). Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos 64: 171––179 (in German).
     [Google Scholar]
  • Wirnsberger E. . ( 1987;). Division and reorganization in the genus Pseudokeronopsis and relationships between urostylids and oxytrichids (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). Arch Protistenkd 134: 149––160 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
  • Woodroffe C. . ( 2002;). Coasts: Form, Process and Evolution New York: Cambridge University Press;.
     [Google Scholar]
  • Yi Z. , Lin X. , Warren A. , Al-Rasheid K.A.S. , Song W. . ( 2010;). Molecular phylogeny of Nothoholosticha (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Urostylida) and systematic relationships of the Holosticha-complex. Syst Biodivers 8: 149––155 [CrossRef].
     [Google Scholar]
http://sgm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.000301
Loading

Supplementary Data

 Data loading....

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.000301
2015-08-01
2019-02-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/65/8/2549.html?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.000301&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Author and Article Information

 Figure data loading....

Footnotes:

Validated antibodies in this article

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error