- Volume 40, Issue 3, 1990
Volume 40, Issue 3, 1990
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Mycobacterium cookii sp. nov.
More LessStrains of a new type of slowly growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium were isolated repeatedly from sphagnum vegetation and surface water of moors in New Zealand. These strains grew at 31 and 22°C but not at 37°C and possessed catalase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities. They did not split amides, and most of them were susceptible to antituberculotic drugs. Furthermore, they did not tolerate 0.1% NaOH2 and 0.2% picric acid and did not grow on compounds used as single carbon sources and single nitrogen and carbon sources. The internal similarity of the strains as determined by numerical taxonomy methods was 96.6% ± 3.09%. The whole-mycolate pattern is unique in that it has not been found previously in 23 species of slowly growing mycobacteria. Evaluation of long-reverse-transcriptase-generated stretches of the primary structure of the 16S rRNA confirmed that these organisms belong to the genus Mycobacterium. The phylogenetic position of these bacteria is unique; they are situated between slowly growing pathogenic and rapidly growing saprophytic species. The strains are not pathogenic for mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, but they provoke a nonspecific hypersensitivity reaction to bovine tuberculin. Hence, they are considered members of a new species of nonpathogenic, slowly growing mycobacteria, for which the name Mycobacterium cookii is proposed. Strain NZ2 is the type strain; a culture of this strain has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 49103.
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16S rRNA Sequence Determination for Members of the Genus Carnobacterium and Related Lactic Acid Bacteria and Description of Vagococcus salmoninarum sp. nov.
More LessThe phylogenetic interrelationships of members of the genus Carnobacterium and some atypical lactobacilli isolated from diseased salmonid fish were investigated by using reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA. The four species Carnobacterium piscicola, Carnobacterium divergens, Carnobacterium gallinarum, and Carnobacterium mobile exhibited a high degree of sequence similarity with each other (ca. 96 to 98%) and formed a phylogenetically coherent group that was quite distinct from all other lactic acid bacteria. The sequence data clearly demonstrated that carnobacteria are phylogenetically closer to the genera Enterococcus and Vagococcus than to members of the genus Lactobacillus. The strains from fish were found to be phylogenetically related to the genus Vagococcus and represent a new species, Vagococcus salmoninarum. The type strain of Vagococcus salmoninarum is strain NCFB 2777.
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DNA Relatedness among Strains of Leptospira biflexa
More LessThe slot blot method of DNA hybridization was used to study 38 strains of Leptospira biflexa belonging to 38 serovars. Fifteen of these serovars were placed into six groups. The remaining 23 serovars were generally too diverse to show significant DNA relatedness either to these groups or to one another. Serovar thracia was related to Group 5, but it was not included in this group because its percent relatedness was too low. We found that genetically related organisms were antigenically dissimilar. The absence of any significant genetic relationship between Leptonema illini and the Leptospira biflexa serovars tested supports the placement of the former species in a separate genus.
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Agrobacterium vitis sp. nov. for Strains of Agrobacterium biovar 3 from Grapevines
More LessAgrobacterium isolates from grapevines that were previously characterized as biovar 3 strains were compared with the type strains of the four previously described species of the genus Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and Agrobacterium rubi. Ten grapevine isolates were distinguished from other Agrobacterium species phenotypically by a number of biochemical tests and by their reaction with a monoclonal antibody raised to biovar 3. Levels of DNA binding between the type strains of previously described species and three grapevine isolates were estimated by optical measurement of initial DNA renaturation rates. The levels of DNA binding between grapevine isolates were 78 to 92%, and the levels of DNA binding with other type strains ranged from 7 to 47%. Our results indicate that the grapevine isolates are distinct from the type strains of the four previously described Agrobacterium species. A new species, Agrobacterium vitis, is proposed; the type strain is strain NCPPB 3554.
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Bacillus thiaminolyticus sp. nov., nom. rev.
More LessThe name “Bacillus thiaminolyticus” Kuno 1951 was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and has lost standing in bacteriological nomenclature. The genetic homogeneity of “Bacillus thiaminolyticus” was assessed by determining guanine-plus-cytosine contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring DNA relatedness by using spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. Of the 26 strains which I studied, 24 had guanine-plus-cytosine contents in the range from 52 to 54 mol%. The consistently high DNA relatedness values of 60 to 100% of these 24 strains to the type strain indicated that the “B. thiaminolyticus” group is genetically homogeneous. Low DNA relatedness values of 20 to 31% showed that “B. thiaminolyticus” is genetically unrelated to Bacillus alvei, “Bacillus aneurinolyticus,” “Bacillus apiarius,” Bacillus larvae, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus macerans, and Bacillus stearothermophilus. In general, the “B. thiaminolyticus” group was highly homogeneous for 49 phenotypic characteristics and clearly distinguishable from B. alvei, with which it was allegedly synonymous. On the basis of these findings, revival of the name Bacillus thiaminolyticus is proposed.
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Streptosporangium carneum sp. nov. Isolated from Soil
More LessA new species of the genus Streptosporangium is described. This organism is characterized by light yellowish pink aerial hyphae bearing abundant sporangia which enclose many large, spherical, nonmotile spores. Cell walls of this new species contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, mannose, arabinose, and madurose (cell wall chemotype III and type B whole-cell sugar pattern); the cells contain phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and unknown glucosamine-containing phospholipids (phospholipid pattern type PIV), and they contain no mycolic acids. The major menaquinone detected was MK-9(H4); a minor amount of MK-9(H2) was also detected. Thus, this isolate has chemical and morphological properties that are consistent with the properties of the genus Streptosporangium. A comparison with previously described species of the genus Streptosporangium in which we used standard techniques plus fatty acid analyses indicated that this organism differs from previously described species. The name proposed for this new species is Streptosporangium carneum. The type strain is strain A84575 (= NRRL 18437). The description is based on a single isolate.
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Numerical Taxonomy of Mycobactin-Dependent Mycobacteria, Emended Description of Mycobacterium avium, and Description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov.
More LessWe performed a numerical taxonomy analysis of 38 Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and related mycobacterial strains, including wood pigeon mycobacteria; this analysis was based on 22 tests, which were selected for their potential discriminative value from a total of 51 tests studied and produced four well-defined clusters. Cluster 1 contained the M. paratuberculosis strains, including two strains isolated from Crohn’s disease patients; cluster 2 contained Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellular reference strains; cluster 3 consisted of the wood pigeon mycobacteria; and the only strain in cluster 4 was M. paratuberculosis 316F, which is used for antigen and vaccine production. Strains in cluster 1 were mycobactin dependent even when they were subcultured, whereas strains in cluster 3 were unable to grow on egg medium and their growth was stimulated by pH 5.5. Growth stimulation by pyruvate, resistance to d-cycloserine (50 μg/ml), and alkaline phosphatase activity also were characteristics that were useful for discriminating between clusters 1 and 3. The results of previous DNA-DNA hybridization studies have demonstrated that M. avium Chester 1901, M. paratuberculosis Bergey et al. 1923, and the wood pigeon mycobacteria belong to a single genomic species, and we propose that the name of this species should be M. avium. On the basis of the results of previous genomic analyses based on restriction fragment length, the results of polymorphism studies, and DNA patterns determined by field inversion gel electrophoresis as well as the results of our phenotypic study, we propose that the species should be divided into subspecies which correspond to pathogenicity and host range characteristics. An emended description of M. avium Chester 1901 and descriptions of M. avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and M. avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. are presented; strains ATCC 25291, ATCC 19698, and CIP 103317 are the type strains of the three new subspecies, respectively.
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Volcaniella eurihalina gen. nov., sp. nov., a Moderately Halophilic Nonmotile Gram-Negative Rod
A comparison of 16 gram-negative moderately halophilic aerobic rod-shaped bacteria with other halophilic and nonhalophilic gram-negative bacteria supported the establishment of Volcaniella eurihalina gen. nov., sp. nov. This comparison included phenotypic properties, salt requirements, and guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNAs, as well as DNA-DNA homology studies. The distinguishing features of this new bacterial genus are as follows: The organisms are nonmotile short rods that are oxidase negative; they are aerobic with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism; they are moderate halophiles, optimal growth occurs at a total salt concentration of 7.5% (wt/vol), and they exhibit a strongly euryhaline character; and they have a specific requirement for Na+ ions (sodium can be supplied as NaCl, Na2SO4, or NaBr). The minimum NaCl concentration required is 1.5% (wt/vol). The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA is 59.1 to 65.7 mol%. This organism was isolated from hypersaline habitats, including saline soils and salt ponds, and from seawater. The type strain is strain F9-6 (= ATCC 49336).
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Clostridium aldrichii sp. nov., a Cellulolytic Mesophile Inhabiting a Wood-Fermenting Anaerobic Digester †
More LessAn anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming, cellulolytic bacterium was repeatedly isolated from a wood-fermenting anaerobic digester. Cells of this organism were gram-positive rods, motile with a bundle of polar flagella, and formed subterminal oblong spores. The colonies in agar had an irregular shape with many platelike structures and were greyish white. Cellulose, xylan, and cellobiose served as substrates for growth. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, lactate, succinate, H2, and CO2 were products of cellobiose fermentation. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 35°C and 7, respectively. The DNA composition was 40 mol% G+C. The name Clostridium aldrichii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P-1 (= OGI 112, = ATCC 49358).
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Actinomyces georgiae sp. nov., Actinomyces gerencseriae sp. nov., Designation of Two Genospecies of Actinomyces naeslundii, and Inclusion of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and Actinomyces viscosus serotype II in A. naeslundii Genospecies 2
More LessDNAs of type strains and representative members of Actinomyces groups from the human periodontal flora and from other habitats were compared by using the S1 nuclease procedure to determine their genetic relatedness. One rather common group from the human periodontal flora, previously called “Actinomyces D08,” is phenotypically distinct from, and genetically unrelated to, previously described species. We propose the name Actinomyces georgiae for this organism; the type strain is strain ATCC 49285. Another common group from the human periodontal flora is Actinomyces israelii serotype II, which was found to be genetically distinct from the type strain of A. israelii (serotype I) and from other previously described species of Actinomyces. We propose the name Actinomyces gerencseriae for this organism; the type strain is strain ATCC 23860. A. naeslundii serotype I strains were distinct from the other strains studied. A separate genospecies which included strains of A. naeslundii serotypes II and III and A. viscosus serotype II was delineated. Strains of Actinomyces serotype WVA 963 constitute an additional distinct genospecies. Because there are no reliable phenotypic tests, other than serological analyses, to differentiate Actinomyces serotype WVA 963 and the two genospecies of A. naeslundii, no taxonomic changes are proposed for these three genospecies.
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Paracoccus aminophilus sp. nov. and Paracoccus aminovorans sp. nov., Which Utilize N,N-Dimethylformamide
More LessTwo methylamine- and N,N-dimethylformamide-utilizing Paracoccus spp. are described. These bacteria are gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, coccoid or short rod-shaped organisms. Their DNA base composition is 62 to 68 mol% G+C. Their cellular fatty acids include large amounts of C18:1 acid. Their major hydroxy acids are 3-OH C10:0 and 3-OH C14:0 acids. The major ubiquinone is Q-10. These bacteria are distinguished from Paracoccus denitrificans and Paracoccus alcaliphilus by physiological characteristics and by DNA-DNA homology. Paracoccus aminophilus sp. nov. and Paracoccus aminovorans sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of P. aminophilus is DM-15 (= JCM 7686), and the type strain of P. aminovorans is DM-82 (= JCM 7685). Paracoccus halodenitrificans is distinguished from other Paracoccus species on the basis of cellular fatty acid composition, hydroxy fatty acid composition, and DNA-DNA homology. It may not be a valid member of the genus Paracoccus.
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Paracoccus kocurii sp. nov., a Tetramethylammonium-Assimilating Bacterium
More LessA new species of tetramethylammonium-assimilating bacteria was isolated from an activated sludge which was used for the treatment of tetramethylammonium hydroxide contained in the wastewater from semiconductor manufacturing processes. Cells of the bacteria were gram-negative, nonmotile, short rods (0.5 to 0.8 μm by 0.7 to 1.1 μm). The major respiratory quinone component of the bacteria was Q-10. The G+C content was 71 mol%. Isolates are mesophilic and assimilate methylated amines such as tetramethylammonium, trimethylamine, dimethylamine, and methylamine under neutral conditions. The isolates resemble Paracoccus species with respect to morphology but were distinguishable from the known species of the genus. We propose Paracoccus kocurii sp. nov. The type strain is strain B (=JCM 7684).
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Amphibacillus xylanus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Facultatively Anaerobic Sporeforming Xylan-Digesting Bacterium Which Lacks Cytochrome, Quinone, and Catalase
More LessThree strains of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from composts of manure with grass and rice straw. These organisms grew well in an alkaline medium and digested xylan both in strictly anaerobic cultures when titanium(III) citrate was used as a reducing agent and in aerobic cultures with shaking. The cells contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and their cellular fatty acids consisted of iso- and anteiso-branched acids and considerable amounts of straight-chain acids. The DNA base composition of these strains ranged from 36 to 38 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Cytochromes, isoprenoid quinones, and catalase activity were not detected. DNA-DNA homology determinations did not show relatedness to strains of representative species of the genera Bacillus, Clostridium, and Sporolactobacillus. Considering the uniqueness of the characteristics, the sequence of the 5S rRNA, and the unique metabolic pathways, we propose Amphibacillus xylanus gen. nov., sp. nov., for these strains. The type strain is strain Ep01 (= JCM 7361).
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NOTES: Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme 1974) sp. nov., nom. rev., Isolated from the Intestines of Mice and Rats
More LessThe genetic and phenotypic properties of 10 strains identified as Lactobacillus intestinalis sp. nov. were examined. These strains constitute a distinct species which can be differentiated from all of the previously described homofermentative species in the genus Lactobacillus by their carbohydrate fermentation pattern. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of their DNAs are 33 to 35 mol%. DNAs from 10 other Lactobacillus species did not exhibit significant levels of relatedness to representative strains of the new species. The name Lactobacillus intestinalis (ex Hemme) sp. nov., nom. rev. is proposed for these isolates, and strain Th4 (= ATCC 49335 = JCM 7548) is the type strain.
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Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis sp. nov. from Human Fecal and Vaginal Flora
More LessWe describe Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis sp. nov., which is found in human feces and vaginal discharge. This new species was established on the basis of the results of DNA-DNA hybridization among anaerobic cocci. The results of differential biochemical reactions also are given. The type strain of this species is strain GIFU 7662 (= JCM 7635).
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Fatty Acid Composition of Propionibacterium propionicum (Arachnia propionica)
More LessThe cellular fatty acids of Arachnia propionica are largely 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (Ci15:0) and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (Ca15:0): Thus, the fatty acid pattern of this organism resembles the pattern found in propionibacteria. This finding supports the transfer of members of the genus Arachnia to the genus Propionibacterium.
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Reclassification of the Causal Agents of Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae) and Bacterial Leaf Streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) of Rice as Pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) sp. nov., nom. rev.
More LessOn the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) sp. nov., nom. rev. is proposed; this species comprises Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama 1922) comb. nov. and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Fang, Ren, Chen, Chu, Faan, and Wu 1957) comb. nov., the causal agents of bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice, respectively.
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Towards an Improved Taxonomy of Xanthomonas
Improvement of the taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas and especially of Xanthomonas campestris, which is subdivided into more than 125 pathovars, is discussed. Recent contributions to the taxonomy of Xanthomonas are reviewed, and on the basis of these data and unpublished data from several laboratories, the usefulness of different phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic techniques is discussed. The heterogeneity of several X. campestris pathovars has been demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and fatty acid fingerprinting. The host selectivity of the pathovars is not correlated with their relationships as revealed by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. In order to reveal the phylogenetic relationships among X. campestris pathovars and their relationships to other Xanthomonas species, it will be necessary to perform extensive DNA-DNA homology studies as an essential part of a polyphasic approach. At present, six DNA homology groups within X. campestris have been delineated. A systematic approach to improve the taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas is proposed.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 74 (2024)
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Volume 73 (2023)
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Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
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Volume 69 (2019)
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Volume 68 (2018)
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