- Current Issue
Volume 105, Issue 5, 2024
- ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles
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ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Fimoviridae 2024
More LessMembers of the family Fimoviridae are plant viruses with a multipartite negative-sense enveloped RNA genome (−ssRNA), composed of 4–10 segments comprising 12.3–18.5 kb in total, within quasi-spherical virions. Fimoviruses are transmitted to plants by eriophyid mites and induce characteristic cytopathologies in their host plants, including double membrane-bound bodies in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Most fimoviruses infect dicotyledonous plants, and many cause serious disease epidemics. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Fimoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/fimoviridae.
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- Animal
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- RNA Viruses
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Assessing the change in the epidemiology of seasonal respiratory viruses with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
Background. Respiratory tract infections are among the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the distribution of seasonal respiratory viruses as in all areas of life. In this study, we have aimed to evaluate the changes in the rates of seasonal respiratory viruses with the onset of the pandemic.
Methods. This study included patients who were admitted to the Pediatrics Clinic of Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between December 2018 and February 2022 with respiratory tract infections and in whom pathogens were detected from nasopharyngeal swab samples analysed by multiplex PCR method.
Results. A total of 833 respiratory tract pathogens were detected in 684 cases consisting of male (55.3 %), and female (44.7 %), patients with a total mean age of 42 months. Single pathogen was revealed in 550, and multiple pathogens in 134 cases. Intensive care was needed in 14 % of the cases. Most frequently influenza A/B, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were detected during the pre-pandemic period, while rhinovirus, RSV, and adenovirus were observed during the lockdown period. In the post-lockdown period, the incidence rates of rhinovirus, RSV, human bocavirus (HboV) (12 %), influenza virus infections increased, and patients with RSV and bocavirus infections required intensive care hospitalization.
Conclusion. It is thought that the COVID-9 pandemic lockdown measures may have an impact on the distribution of seasonal respiratory viruses, especially RSV and influenza. Current, prospective and large case series regarding the mechanism of action and dynamics are needed.
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Iceland: an underestimated hub for the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the North Atlantic
High-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the goose/Guangdong lineage are enzootically circulating in wild bird populations worldwide. This increases the risk of entry into poultry production and spill-over to mammalian species, including humans. Better understanding of the ecological and epizootiological networks of these viruses is essential to optimize mitigation measures. Based on full genome sequences of 26 HPAIV samples from Iceland, which were collected between spring and autumn 2022, as well as 1 sample from the 2023 summer period, we show that 3 different genotypes of HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b were circulating within the wild bird population in Iceland in 2022. Furthermore, in 2023 we observed a novel introduction of HPAIV H5N5 of the same clade to Iceland. The data support the role of Iceland as an utmost northwestern distribution area in Europe that might act also as a potential bridging point for intercontinental spread of HPAIV across the North Atlantic.
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- Plant
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- RNA viruses
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Virus-vectoring thrips regulate the excessive multiplication of tomato spotted wilt virus using their antiviral immune responses
More LessThe tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a member of the Tospoviridae family and has an negative/ambisense single-stranded RNA genome. Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa are known to be dominant pests in Capsicum annuum (hot pepper) and can cause damage to the plant either directly by feeding, or indirectly by transmitting TSWV in a persistent and propagative manner, resulting in serious economic damage. This study compared the immune responses of two different thrips species against TSWV infection by transcriptome analysis, which then allowed the assessment of antiviral responses using RNA interference (RNAi). Both adult thrips shared about 90 % of the transcripts in non-viruliferous conditions. Most signal components of the immune pathways were shared by these two thrips species, and their expression levels fluctuated differentially in response to TSWV infection at early immature stages. The functional assays using RNAi treatments indicated that the Toll and JAK/STAT pathways were associated with the antiviral responses, but the IMD pathway was not. The upregulation of dorsal switch protein one supported its physiological role in recognizing TSWV infection and triggering the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway, which mediates melanization and apoptosis in thrips. In addition, the signal components of the RNAi pathways fluctuated highly after TSWV infection. Individual RNAi treatments specific to the antiviral signalling and response components led to significant increases in the TSWV amount in the thrips, causing virus-induced mortality. These findings suggest that immune signalling pathways leading to antiviral responses are operating in the thrips to regulate TSWV litres to prevent a fatal viral overload. This study also indicates the differential antiviral responses between the TSWV-transmitting F. occidentalis and F. intonsa.
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Volumes and issues
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Volume 105 (2024)
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Volume 104 (2023)
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