- Volume 36, Issue 2, 1986
Volume 36, Issue 2, 1986
- Book Reviews
-
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
-
-
-
Bacteroides tectum sp. nov. and Characteristics of Other Nonpigmented Bacteroides Isolates from Soft-Tissue Infections from Cats and Dogs
More LessSixty strains of obligately anaerobic gram-negative nonsporeforming nonpigmented Bacteroides species were isolated from subcutaneous abscesses and pyothoraxes of cats and dogs. All of these strains grew well in bile and produced acetic, propionic, and succinic acids as major products of fatty acid metabolism. Phenotypic and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology data divided the strains into five groups. Only three strains were members of Bacteroides fragilis, as determined by biochemical and DNA homology analyses. All of the other strains showed negligible levels of DNA homology with human strains of B. fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bacteroides ovatus, although they did have substantial ribosomal ribonucleic acid homology with these species. One group comprising 52 strains is proposed as a new species, Bacteroides tectum, having three distinct homology clusters. Strains of B. tectum are obligately anaerobic, gram-negative, nonmotile, nonpigmented, nonsporeforming rods that grow well in bile, do not produce indole, and only weakly ferment carbohydrates. They have a DNA guanine-plus-cytosine ratio of 46 mol% but do not exhibit DNA homology with phenotypically similar human strains of Bacteroides.
-
-
-
-
Intra- and Intergeneric Similarities between the Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistrons of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Species and Some Related Bacteria
More Less14C-labeled ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) were prepared from Bradyrhizobium japonicum NZP 5549T(T = type strain) and Rhodopseudomonas palustris DSM 130, and [3H]rRNAs were prepared from Rhizobium meliloti NZP 4009 and Rhizobium loti NZP 2037. Labeled rRNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens ICPB TT111 (a member of Agrobacterium cluster 2) was also used. These rRNAs were hybridized under optimal conditions with filter-fixed deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from 24 strains of rhizobia representing nine previously identified DNA-DNA homology groups and with DNAs from various other organisms. Each hybrid was described by the following two parameters: the temperature at which 50% of the hybrid was denatured (Tm(e) ) and percentage of rRNA binding. From rRNA similarity maps and a Tm(e) dendrogram the following conclusions were drawn. (i) There are at least three genetically distinct groups in the present genus Rhizobium. Group I includes Rhizobium meliloti, Rhizobium fredii, and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Group II is represented by Rhizobium loti, and group III includes rhizobia isolated from Galega officinalis and Galega orientalis (goatsrue.). (ii) The rRNA cistrons of group I strains resemble those of Agrobacterium cluster 2 strains. (iii) The rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium fredii resemble those of Rhizobium meliloti more closely than the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium leguminosarum or Agrobacterium cluster 2 do. (iv) The rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium loti resemble the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium meliloti less than the rRNA cistrons of strains belonging to either Agrobacterium cluster 1 or Agrobacterium cluster 2. (v) The rRNA cistrons of Galega rhizobia resemble the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium meliloti about as much as the rRNA cistrons of Agrobacterium cluster 1 and resemble the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium loti less. (vi) The rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium resemble one another much less than do the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium and other genera presently included in the family Rhizobiaceae (Agrobacterium and Phyllobacterium). (vii) Bradyrhizobium strains belonging to four DNA-DNA homology groups all contain rRNA cistrons which closely resembled the rRNA cistrons of Bradyrhizobium japonicum NZP 5549T. (viii) B. japonicum contains rRNA cistrons which have diverged from the rRNA cistrons of Rhodopseudomonas palustris to about the same extent as the rRNA cistrons of Rhizobium group I and Agrobacterium; on this basis we suggest that the photosynthetic ancestor of Bradyrhizobium may have been a rhodopseudomonad and that a phylogenetic classification should group these genera together. (ix) Stemnodulating strain ORS 571, from Sesbania rostrata belongs to the Rhodopseudomonas palustris rRNA branch; it is quite distinct from B. japonicum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Two representative strains which nodulate roots belong in the group containing the fast-growing rhizobia.
-
-
-
Acidiphilium organovorum sp. nov., an Acidophilic Heterotroph Isolated from a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Culture
More LessAcidiphilium organovorum sp. nov. is a gram-negative, heterotrophic bacterium that was isolated from a culture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans which had been grown autotrophically on FeSO4-basal salts medium for several years. Purification of A. organovorum was carried out on a 1.0% glucose-basal salts medium (pH 3.0) solidified with agarose. Growth was enhanced by adding high concentrations of glucose (0.5 to 2.0%) and by supplementing the medium with yeast extract and trace amounts of FeSO4. However, these supplements were not necessary for growth. A wide variety of organic compounds were suitable substrates for growth, but inorganic forms of reduced sulfur or ferrous iron were not. Doubling times of 2.5 h and cell densities of >2 × 1010cells per ml were obtained at the optimal temperature of 37°C and pH 3.0. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid was 64 mol%. A. organovorum contains at least three distinct plasmids; one of these plasmids is larger than 30 kilobase pairs, and two are smaller than 4.0 kilobase pairs. Homology studies in which we compared the total deoxyribonucleic acid of A. organovorum with the total deoxyribonucleic acids of Acidiphilium cryptum and several Thiobacillus species indicated that A. organovorum is most closely related to A. cryptum. A. organovorum can be differentiated from Thiobacillus acidophilus by its higher temperature optimum, its faster growth rate, and its inability to utilize reduced forms of sulfur or iron as energy sources. The abundant cell growth that occurs in a medium which either is rich in organic compounds or completely lacks nutritional supplements distinguishes A. organovorum from A. cryptum. The other physiological and genetic characteristics which we examined are in close agreement with the characteristics of members of the genus Acidiphilium. The type strain of A. organovorum is strain ATCC 43141.
-
-
-
Eubacterium yurii subsp. yurii sp. nov. and Eubacterium yurii subsp. margaretiae subsp. nov.: Test Tube Brush Bacteria from Subgingival Dental Plaque
More LessEighteen strains of anaerobic gram-positive rods exhibiting an unusual three-dimensional cellular arrangement resembling test tube brushes (TTB) were recovered from subgingival dental plaque samples of randomly selected periodontitis patients. The isolates were obtained from subgingival sites exhibiting bone loss of ≥20% and pocket depth of ≥4 mm. Based upon biochemical profiles, these organisms belong to the family Propionibacteriaceae and are somewhat similar biochemically to some species of Eubacterium, notably Eubacterium saburreum. Relatedness between TTB bacteria and E. saburreum was assessed by deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and deoxyribonucleic acid renaturation rates. Moles percent guanine plus cytosine were 32 and 33, respectively. Hybridization studies showed 32% relatedness between E. saburreum and TTB bacteria, indicating that they are related but distinct species. We therefore propose a new species, Eubacterium yurii. Strains of this species characteristically form three-dimensional brushlike aggregates mediated by an amorphous, extracellular material. E. yurii is divided into two subspecies that exhibit 53% homology: E. yurii subsp. yurii, which is phosphatase positive, and E. yurii subsp. margaretiae, which is phosphatase negative.
-
-
-
Intra- and Intergeneric Similarities of the Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistrons of Acinetobacter
More Less3H-labeled rRNA was prepared from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055Tand hybridized with filter-fixed DNA from carefully selected Acinetobacter strains, reference strains of taxonomically well-located genera, or some selected misnamed strains. The hybridization parameters, the temperature at which 50% of the hybrid was denatured (Tm(e)) and percent rRNA binding, were determined. The following conclusions can be drawn from the DNA:rRNA hybridization results, the rRNA similarity map, and a Tm(e) dendrogram. (i) The genus Acinetobacter is rather heterogeneous. It covers a 5°C Tm(e) range. (ii) A combination of our hybridization data and data from the literature indicates that several additional strains belong in the genus Acinetobacter. (iii) Acinetobacter Iwoffii ATCC 17960 is certainly not a member of the genus Acinetobacter. (iv) The genus Acinetobacter is not related to one of the well-established genera or families, nor is it a true member of one of the previously described rRNA superfamilies. The genus Acinetobacter forms a new and separate rRNA branch which is taxonomically slightly more close to rRNA superfamily II (Pseudomonas fluorescens complex, Azomonas, Azotobacter, etc.) than to rRNA superfamily I (Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pasteurellaceae, etc.) and the genus Xanthomonas. (v) The misnamed species “Pseudomonas pavonacea” and “Pseudomonas cruciviae” belong to the Acinetobacter rRNA branch, although they differ from the genus Acinetobacter in several important phenotypic features.
-
-
-
Chryseomonas polytricha gen. nov., sp. nov., a Pseudomonas-Like Organism from Human Clinical Specimens and Formerly Known as Group Ve-1
More LessWe propose the new genus and species Chryseomonas polytricha for a group formerly called Ve-1. Each of the nine strains in the new species was examined for 129 characteristics, including reactions in 58 enzyme tests (API ZYM System; API Systems SA). These bacteria are rod shaped, aerobic, gram negative, yellow pigmented, motile by multitrichous polar flagella, and oxidatively saccharolytic, but they do not produce cytochrome oxidase. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of three representative strains is 54.6 ± 1.1 mol%. The DNA relatedness of eight strains of C. polytricha to the type strain E2770 (= NCTC 11843) averaged 95% (hydroxyapatite method, 60°C). Relatedness to the type strains of the five major ribosomal ribonucleic acid hybridization groups of Pseudomonas and to a reference strain of group Ve-2 was 2% or less. Most of the strains of the new species were isolated from human clinical specimens.
-
-
-
Dactylosporangium fulvum sp. nov.
More LessA new species of the genus Dactylosporangium is described, for which the name Dactylosporangium fulvum is proposed. In addition to finger-shaped sporangia, this organism produced abundant globose bodies and coremia. It differs significantly from previously described species of the genus Dactylosporangium in its cultural and physiological characteristics. The type strain of D. fulvum is SF-2113 (IFO 14381).
-
-
-
Spiroplasma kunkelii sp. nov.: Characterization of the Etiological Agent of Corn Stunt Disease
Nine strains of spiroplasma subgroup 1-3, which comprise the etiological agent of corn stunt disease, were similar in their serological properties. Strain E275T(T = type strain) was studied by using criteria proposed by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on Taxonomy of Mollicutes for descriptions of new mollicute species. This strain was shown to belong to the class Mollicutes by the ultrastructure of its limiting membrane, its procaryotic organization, its colonial morphology, and its filtration behavior and to the family Spiroplasmataceae by its helical morphology and motility. Although some serological cross-reactions with other group I spiroplasma strains was observed, strain E275Tcould be readily distinguished from representatives of other group I subgroups. Subgroup 1-3 spiroplasmas and other group I strains also differed in their one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel protein patterns, plant and insect host ranges, and pathogenicities. Growth in MIA or MID medium occurred at 20 to 30°C. Cholesterol was required for growth. Glucose was fermented, and arginine was catabolized. Subgroup 1-3 strains, including strain E275T, reacted with considerable homogeneity in deformation tests and were completely separable from strains belonging to subgroup I-1 (Spiroplasma citri) and subgroup I-2 (Spiroplasma melliferum). Strain E275Twas also serologically distinct from subgroups I-4 through I-8, Spiroplasma floricola (group III), Spiroplasma apis (group IV), Spiroplasma mirum (group V), and representative strains of spiroplasma groups II and VI through XI. The deoxyribonucleic acid of strain E275Thybridized with the deoxyribonucleic acid of S. citri at significant levels (33 to 68%, depending on the technique used). These results demonstrate that strain E275Tand similar strains meet the criteria proposed by the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee for elevation of spiroplasma subgroups to species. We propose that such strains be named Spiroplasma kunkelii. Strain E275Thas been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 29320T.
-
-
-
Actinomadura oligospora sp. nov., the Producer of a New Polyether Antibiotic
More LessA new species of Actinomadura, which was isolated from soil collected in India, is characterized by sparse aerial mycelia, yellowish gray to brown vegetative mycelia, a carbohydrate utilization pattern of adonitol, cellobiose, glucose, and ribose, unique physiological characteristics, and the production of a new polyether antibiotic. Whole cells contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose, but do not contain nitrogenous phospholipids or mycolic acids. The name proposed for this new species is Actinomadura oligospora, and the type strain is strain A80190.1 (= NRRL 15878).
-
-
-
Eubacterium desmolans sp. nov., a Steroid Desmolase-Producing Species from Cat Fecal Flora
More LessEubacterium desmolans sp. nov., an obligate anaerobe with desmolytic activity, was isolated from cat feces. Desmolase, which was previously observed only in a Clostridium species isolated from human fecal flora, cleaves the carbon-carbon bond of 17-hydroxylated corticoids between C-17 and C-20, thereby converting these compounds to androstenes (C19 steroids). In primary cultures on sheep blood agar plates, E. desmolans forms nonhemolytic, circular to irregular, convex, shiny, entire, white to colorless colonies that are barely visible to the unaided eye. The cells are plump, short rods that are 0.8 to 1.1 μm wide by 1.7 to 2.3 μm long and have capsules and flagella. They occur singly or in short chains and are gram positive. Inositol is the sole carbohydrate fermented. Indole is produced. The major fermentation products in inositol-enriched media are acetic and butyric acids. The type strain is strain ATCC 43058.
-
-
-
Actinoplanes caeruleus sp. nov., a Blue-Pigmented Species of the Genus Actinoplanes
More LessA new, antibiotic-producing species of Actinoplanes, Actinoplanes caeruleus, was isolated from soil. This organism formed irregular to globose sporangia which upon wetting dehisced to release spherical to oval, polarly flagellated motile spores. It contained arabinose and xylose as characteristic whole-cell sugars. This organism differed from other species of the genus Actinoplanes by forming deep blue vegetative mycelial pigments, by the absence of diaminopimelic acid on the cell wall, by its ability to hydrolyze adenine and hypoxanthine, by its resistance to lysozyme, and by its inability to utilize l-arabinose, d-xylose, and succinate as sole carbon sources. The type strain of A. caeruleus is strain SCC 1014 (= ATCC 33937).
-
-
-
Contribution of the Electrophoretic Pattern of Cell Envelope Protein to the Taxonomy of Hyphomonas spp.
More LessThe membrane protein profiles of marine budding bacteria belonging to the genus Hyphomonas were determined and analyzed. Hyphomonas spp. synthesized an unusually large number (four or more) of high-apparent-molecular-weight proteins (apparent molecular weight, ≥64,000). Species were compared by using a membrane protein profile index developed for this study. Our results supported the division of extant members of this genus into five species. The membrane protein profile index for Hyphomonas hirschiana and Hyphomonas neptunium was higher than suggested by other phenetic characteristics.
-
-
-
Acidiphilium angustum sp. nov., Acidiphilium facilis sp. nov., and Acidiphilium rubrum sp. nov.: Acidophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Acidic Coal Mine Drainage
More LessAcidophilic heterotrophic bacteria recovered from samples of water and sediment collected from acidic mine drainage streams were compared nutritionally, genetically, and morphologically. All 37 bacterial strains examined were rod shaped, motile, gram negative, and strictly aerobic, utilized citric acid and Tween 80 as sole carbon sources, and were unable to grow at or above pH 6.0. The ultrastructure of representative strains was not markedly different from that of gram-negative bacteria. Differences among the strains were evident in cell size (4.2 by 0.6 to 1.2 by 0.6 p.m), pigmentation (when present), and nutritional faculties (the carbon sources suitable for growth of individual strains ranged from 8 to 20 of the 32 compounds tested). The guanine-plus-cytosine base composition of eight typical strains ranged from 63 to 68 mol%. All of the strains exhibited primary characteristics of the recently described genus Acidiphilium; however, important differences between our strains and the type species Acidiphilium cryptum suggested that new Acidiphilium species should be described. No significant deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology was found between five acidophilic heterotrophic strains and A. cryptum. Furthermore, no significant deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid homology was evident between the acidophilic heterotrophs and six Thiobacillus species. The bacteria which we studied could be divided into three groups based on genetic and nutritional characteristics. We propose the following three new species: Acidiphilium rubrum (type strain, strain OP [= ATCC 35905]), Acidiphilium angustum (type strain, strain KLB [= ATCC 35903]), and Acidiphilium facilis (type strain, strain PW2 [= ATCC 35904]).
-
-
-
Polar Lipid Profiles of the Genus Deinococcus
More LessThe radiation-resistant, red-pigmented bacteria belonging to the genus Deinococcus appear phenotypically similar to Micrococcus roseus, but the complex envelope profile and biochemical phylogenetic markers show them to be gram-negative clones of ancient lineage. All the type strains of indubitable Deinococcus species (D. radiodurans, D. radiophilus, D. proteolyticus and D. radiopugnans) and all the representative strains of D. radiodurans have unusual numbers of polar lipids (mostly phosphoglycolipids) and do not have phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or the phospholipids derived from it. This polar lipid profile is distinctive of the genus, and the patterns are useful for characterization. The lack of PG or di-PG and their derivatives provides a reasonably easy assignment to the genus Deinococcus and may allow recognition of relatives within the Deinococcaceae, which may not be radiation resistant. The species incertae sedis, D. erythromyxa, has a normal form of phospholipid profile, including PG. This, together with the peptidoglycan type L-Lys-L-Ala3-4, forces exclusion from Deinococcus and reassignment to Micrococcus.
-
-
-
Catalase Activity and Its Heat Inactivation for Differentiation of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum
More LessThe catalase activities of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum strains were measured. M. intracellulare and M. avium had significantly lower activities than M. scrofulaceum. The percentage of catalase activity remaining after exposure of cell-free extracts from late-log-phase cells to 53°C for 50 min allowed differentiation among the three species; M. intracellulare catalase retained 14.1 ± 7.9% (mean ± standard deviation) of its activity, M. avium retained 53.3 ± 7.4% of its activity, and M. scrofulaceum catalase was very resistant and retained 82.8 ± 6.7% of its activity. Cells of all three species harvested in stationary phase exhibited higher percentages of heat-resistant catalase, and species could not be differentiated at this stage in the growth cycle. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude extracts from late-log-phase cells produced two bands of catalase activity in both M. intracellulare and M. avium extracts and four bands of activity in M. scrofulaceum extracts stained by diaminobenzidine. These bands differed in their susceptibilities to heat inactivation and inhibition by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.
-
-
-
Bacteroides forsythus sp. nov., a Slow-Growing, Fusiform Bacteroides sp. from the Human Oral Cavity
More LessThe characteristics of a group of slow-growing, fusiform, fastidious anaerobes isolated from advanced periodontal lesions in human oral cavities were examined. Our results indicated that 12 fusiform Bacteroides strains belong to a new species in the genus Bacteroides. The name Bacteroides forsythus is proposed for these isolates. The type strain is strain ATCC 43037.
-
-
-
Chromatium tepidum sp. nov., a Thermophilic Photosynthetic Bacterium of the Family Chromatiaceae †
More LessA new species belonging to the photosynthetic bacterial genus Chromatium is described. This new organism differs from all other Chromatium species in its thermophilic character and hot-spring habitat. In addition, the combination of its carotenoid pigments, physiological peculiarities, and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition clearly define this isolate as a new species of photosynthetic purple bacteria. The organism is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium which produces bacteriochlorophyll ap and grows photoautotrophically with sulfide as an electron donor at an optimum temperature of 48 to 50°C. No growth is observed below 34°C or above 57°C. Globules of elemental sulfur are produced from the oxidation of sulfide and are stored intracellularly. Acetate and pyruvate are the only organic compounds that are photoassimilated. The major carotenoids of the new organism are rhodovibrin and spirilloxanthin, and the deoxyribonucleic acid base composition is 61 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Based on these characteristics, I propose a new species, Chromatium tepidum; the specific epithet refers to the moderately thermophilic nature of this hot-spring photosynthetic bacterium.
-
-
-
Taxonomy of the Genus Acinetobacter with the Recognition of Acinetobacter baumannii sp. nov., Acinetobacter haemolyticus sp. nov., Acinetobacter johnsonii sp. nov., and Acinetobacter junii sp. nov. and Emended Descriptions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter lwoffii
More LessUsing deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization (S1 nuclease method), we identified 12 hybridization groups (genospecies) containing 74 strains among 85 Acinetobacter strains studied. A total of 28 characters which allowed identification of the genospecies were applied to 266 strains. Of the 12 genospecies, 11 could be unambiguously identified. Genospecies 1 (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus sensu stricto) contained eight glucose-oxidizing strains which were unable to grow at 44°C and were isolated from soil, including the type strain of A. calcoaceticus. Genospecies 2, which contained 121 strains (mostly glucose oxidizers that were able to grow at 44°C), was named Acinetobacter baumannii sp. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 19606). Genospecies 3 contained 15 strains that were able to oxidize glucose and to grow at 41°C but not at 44°C. Genospecies 4, which contained 23 hemolytic and proteolytic strains that were able to utilize dl-4-aminobutyrate but not dl-lactate, was named Acinetobacter haemolyticus sp. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 17906). Genospecies 5, which contained 17 strains that were unable to oxidize glucose and able to utilize dl-lactate and l-histidine but not glutarate or azelate, was named Acinetobacter junii sp. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 17908). Genospecies 6 contained only three hemolytic, proteolytic strains that were unable to utilize dl-lactate, malonate, or dl-4-aminobutyrate. Genospecies 7, which contained 23 strains that were unable to grow at 37°C and to oxidize glucose and utilized only a few carbon sources was named Acinetobacter johnsonii sp. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 17909). A total of 34 strains had the characteristics of genospecies 8/9 (mostly glucose negative; utilized azelate but not Simmons citrate, glutarate, l-histidine, l-aspartate, l-leucine, β-alanine, or 2,3-butanediol). Genospecies 8 was Acinetobacter lwoffii sensu stricto since it contained the type strain of this species. Genospecies 9 could not be differentiated from genospecies 8. Genospecies 10 (four strains), 11 (four strains), and 12 (three strains) were differentiated by their nutritional patterns.
-
-
-
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homologies of Hyphomicrobium spp., Hyphomonas spp., and Other Hyphal, Budding Bacteria
More LessThe levels of genetic relatedness of 19 Hyphomicrobium strains which utilize one-carbon compounds were determined by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization in solution under optimal conditions (S1 nuclease technique). Most of these hyphomicrobia fell into four groups with high levels of relatedness (level of homology within each group, 86 to 110%). These groups were only distantly related to each other (levels of homology between groups, 1 to 9%). Three additional groups of C1-utilizing hyphomicrobia were represented by only one strain each. In addition, the levels of DNA-DNA homology of four Hyphomonas species and 11 Hyphomicrobium-Hyphomonas-like isolates were determined. Seven of these isolates formed three groups containing two or three strains each; the level of homology within each group was 94 to 120%. These groups of peptide-utilizing strains were related to Hyphomonas spp. at a DNA-DNA homology level of 13 to 43%; thus, they represented new species of Hyphomonas. Four of the isolates had less than 10% DNA homology with either Hyphomicrobium reference strains or Hyphomonas spp. Strain B-1408 was distinguished by its DNA base composition of 46.19 mol% guanine plus cytosine, which is 14 mol% below the average base composition of Hyphomicrobium spp. or Hyphomonas spp. The levels of genetic relatedness of other hyphal, budding bacteria, such as Pedomicrobium spp., genus F, Rhodomicrobium vannielii, and genus T, to Hyphomicrobium sp. strain MC-750 were too low to be evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridization techniques.
-
-
-
Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a Chlorophenol-Mineralizing Actinomycete
More LessStrain PCP-I, which was isolated from a pentachlorophenol-mineralizing mixed culture, had the following characteristics of the actinomycetes assigned to the genus Rhodococcus: dl-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose as cell wall constituents; major menaquinone with nine isoprenoid units and one hydrogenated double bond (MK-9H2); mycolic acids containing 33 to 43 carbon atoms; and a marked rod-to-coccus cycle during growth. None of the previously described species of Rhodococcus contains both MK-9H2 and mycolic acids of this size, and, unlike other rhodococci, strain PCP-I utilizes rhamnose, inositol, and sorbitol. Based on these properties, we believe that strain PCP-I represents a new Rhodococcus species. We propose the name Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus for this new species because of its ability to degrade several chlorophenols. The type strain is strain PCP-I (= DSM 43826).
-
-
-
Providencia heimbachae, a New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Animals
More LessThe name Providencia heimbachae sp. nov. is proposed for a group of organisms that were isolated from the feces of penguins in the Federal Republic of Germany and from a cow in the United States. P. heimbachae strains are gram-negative, oxidase-negative, fermentative, rod-shaped organisms that grow on MacConkey agar, as well as other media that are selective for members of the Enterobacteriaceae. The 13 P. heimbachae isolates which we studied gave negative results for the following tests: indole production, Voges-Proskauer, Simmons citrate, H2S production on triple sugar iron and Kligler agars, urease, lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, gelatinase, growth in the presence of KCN, malonate, acid production from l-arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, erythritol, lactose, melezitose, melibiose, a-methylglucoside, raffinose, salicin, d-sorbitol, l-sorbose, starch, d-tagatose, trehalose, d-turanose, and d-xylose (15% positive after 7 days), esculin hydrolysis, acetate, lipase, deoxyribonuclease, and o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. The strains were positive for the following tests: catalase, nitrate reductase, methy1 red, phenylalanine deaminase, acid production from d-glucose, adonitol, d-arabitol, d-fructose, d-galactose, d-mannose, and l-rhamnose, and tyrosine clearing. Acid production from glycerol, myo-inositol, maltose, and d-mannitol was delayed; gas was produced from d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-mannose in small amounts or not at all (54% positive after 7 days). Motility at 36°C was variable (46% positive after 2 days; 85% positive after 7 days). Deoxyribonucleic acids from 12 other strains of P. heimbachae were highly related (91 to 100% related in reactions assayed on hydroxyapatite at 60 and 75°C) to 32P-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid from the proposed type strain (strain ATCC 35613). Labeled deoxyribonucleic acid from this type strain was 22 to 45% related at 60°C and 4 to 31% related at 75°C to deoxyribonucleic acids from four other Providencia species. The levels of relatedness of P. heimbachae to Proteus species ranged from 10 to 13% in 60°C reactions. P. heimbachae could be differentiated from the other Providencia species by the following characteristics: negative tests for Simmons citrate, urease, indole production, and acid production from trehalose and positive tests for acid production from adonitol, d-arabitol, d-galactose, and l-rhamnose. All of the P. heimbachae strains which we studied were resistant to tetracycline, and most strains were resistant to cephalothin.
-
-
-
Phenotypically Based Taxonomy of Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas Isolated from Spoiled Meat, Water, and Soil
More LessThe phenetic taxonomy of 305 strains of Pseudomonas and related organisms was numerically studied by using 215 features, including 156 assimilation tests. A total of 200 field strains were isolated from spoiling meat, and 50 strains were isolated from freshwater or soil. In addition, 55 reference strains (including 23 type strains and 4 clinical strains) were obtained. The strains clustered into 25 clusters at the 75% level when the Jaccard similarity coefficient was used. The 10 clusters that were considered significant were assigned to the Pseudomonas fragi complex (131 strains), Pseudomonas lundensis (40 strains), Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar 1 (27 strains), P. fluorescens biovar 2 (5 strains), P. fluorescens biovar 3 (6 strains), P. fluorescens biovar 4 (16 strains), Pseudomonas aureofaciens-Pseudomonas chlororaphis (3 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 strains), Pseudomonas glathei (2 strains), and Pseudomonas mephitica (2 strains). The P. fragi complex was further divided into subclusters; the major subcluster (comprising 93 strains, including the type strain) was regarded as P. fragi sensu stricto. P. fluorescens and allied bacteria closely matched the descriptions given by Stanier et al. (J. Gen. Microbiol. 43:159-271, 1966). The characteristics for the 10 significant clusters are given. Also given are criteria which differentiate the P. fragi subclusters. The phylogenetic relationships among the meat-associated taxa were calculated. P. fluorescens biovars 2 and 3 were clearly separated from the remaining taxa. Biovar 4 is the most conservative, while biovar 3 has evolved at the highest rate.
-
-
-
Description and Designation of a Neotype Strain of Eubacterium cellulosolvens (Cillobacterium cellulosolvens Bryant, Small, Bouma and Robinson) Holdeman and Moore
More LessSince type strain B348 of Eubacterium cellulosolvens (Cillobacterium cellulosolvens Bryant, Small, Bouma, and Robinson) was lost, we propose that van Gylswyk and Hoffman strain 6 (= ATCC 00000) be designated the neotype strain of this species. The characteristics of the neotype strain are compared with the characteristics of strains described elsewhere and with some of the most important characteristics of strains recently isolated by us from sheep rumina.
-
-
-
Proposal of Vibrio mediterranei sp. nov.: A New Marine Member of the Genus Vibrio
More LessVibrio strains isolated from plankton, sediments, and seawater in two coastal areas south of Valencia, Spain, were genotypically and phenotypically different from other Vibrio species. The guanine-plus-cytosyine content of the strains was 43 mol%. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization studies revealed that the strains were genetically homogeneous and exhibited very low levels of genetic relatedness to Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802T(T = type strain) (0%), Vibrio harveyi NCMB 1280T(11%), Vibrio vulnificus NCMB 2046T(7%), Vibrio nereis NCMB 1897T(0%), Vibrio natriengens NCMB (9%), and Vibrio splendidus NCMB 1T(0%). Strain CECT 621 of the Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo was designated the type strain of the proposed new species Vibrio mediterranei.
-
-
-
Alcaligenes piechaudii, a New Species from Human Clinical Specimens and the Environment
More LessWe propose a new species, Alcaligenes piechaudii; the type strain is strain CIP 60.75 (= Hugh 366-5 = IAM 12591 = LMG 1873). Each of the seven strains placed in this new species was examined for 171 phenotypic characters, including reactions in 68 enzyme tests (API ZYM system). All of the strains displayed similar protein electrophoretic patterns and yielded low deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness values with the type strains of Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes denitrificans, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. The results of deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonucleic acid hybridization experiments localized Alcaligenes piechaudii on the Alcaligenes denitrificans ribosomal ribonucleic acid branch in the direct vicinity of Alcaligenes denitrificans and Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Alcaligenes piechaudii strains are rod shaped, aerobic, gram negative, nonpigmented, motile by peritrichous flagella, and nonsaccharolytic and reduce nitrate but not nitrite. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids of the seven strains ranged from 64 to 65 mol%. The strains of the new species were isolated primarily from human clinical specimens, but some strains were also isolated from the environment. The validated but illegitimate name Alcaligenes denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans (Yabuuchi and Yano 1981) Kersters and De Ley 1984 is corrected with a formal proposal of the proper combinations Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans (Yabuuchi and Yano 1981) comb. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 27061) and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans (Rüger and Tan 1983) comb. nov. (type strain, strain ATCC 15173).
-
-
-
Cell Wall Characteristics of Mobiluncus Species
The three type strains and a reference strain of Mobiluncus examined in this study had a gram-positive type of cell walls. All four strains were susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to colistin, and the overall susceptibility patterns with other antimicrobial agents were consistent with those of gram-positive microorganisms. Strains of Mobiluncus mulieris were lysed by 3% potassium hydroxide, and strains of Mobiluncus curtisii were not. However, all of the strains examined had intermediate levels of Limulus amebocyte-lysate reactivity that was not lipopolysaccharide associated. Lipopolysaccharide was not detected when whole-cell lysates were digested with proteinase K, separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and silver stained. In addition, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and heptose were not detected by gas chromatography of O-methyloxime acetate derivatives of whole-cell carbohydrates. Saponification and gas chromatography of whole-cell fatty acids showed that none of the four strains examined had detectable levels of hydroxylated fatty acids. Hydroxylated fatty acids or aldehyde fatty acids were not detected in acid hydrolysates of crude cell membrane preparations.
-
-
-
Isolation and Characterization of Methanogenium bourgense sp. nov.
More LessMethane-producing bacterial strain MS2T(T = type strain) was isolated from a tannery by-products enrichment culture inoculated with sewage sludge. This methanogen was a non-motile, irregular coccoid organism (diameter, 1 to 2 μm) which used H2-CO2 and formate as methanogenic substrates. Acetate was required for growth but did not serve as a methanogenic substrate; yeast extract and Trypticase peptone were highly stimulatory. Growth occurred through the pH range from 5.5 to 8.0, with optimum growth at pH 6.7. The optimum temperature for growth was 37°C. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition was 59 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The physiological and antigenic properties of this isolate place it in the genus Methanogenium. The organism is named Methanogenium bourgense sp. nov.
-
-
-
Characterization of Vitreoscilla beggiatoides and Vitreoscilla filiformis sp. nov., nom. rev., and Comparison with Vitreoscilla stercoraria and Beggiatoa alba
More LessA group of Beggiatoa-like organisms which do not deposit sulfur from sulfide but which were isolated from the same locations as sulfide-oxidizing beggiatoas should be considered as a species within the genus Vitreoscilla. These organisms fit the general description of Vitreoscilla beggiatoides as originally described by E. G. Pringsheim, and strain B23SS (= ATCC 43189) is herein designated as the neotype strain. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid of strain B23SS was 42 mol%. A few strains that were formerly considered as Beggiatoa spp. have been shown to lack the ability to accumulate sulfur in inclusions when exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Because rigorous tests were not previously carried out to determine whether these organisms really deposited sulfur, it is probable that they were never capable of doing so. These strains, which form a distinct group of microorganisms, now should be considered to be a Vitreoscilla species. This group of organisms is most characteristic of the species V. filiformis as originally described by E. G. Pringsheim. Because strains had not been characterized since the original description, V. filiformis was not included in the Approved List of Bacterial Names. This name has, therefore, been revived, and strain L1401-2 (= ATCC 43190), a strain originally isolated by E. G. Pringsheim, is designated as the neotype strain. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid of these strains ranged from 59 to 63 mol%. These two groups of organisms are compared to V. stercoraria, the best-characterized Vitreoscilla strain, and to Beggiatoa alba, the best-characterized and type species of the genus Beggiatoa.
-
-
-
Acetivibrio cellulosolvens Is a Synonym for Acetivibrio cellulolyticus: Emendation of the Genus Acetivibrio †
More LessAcetivibrio cellulosolvens BASTwas compared with Acetivibrio cellulolyticus CD2Tand was found to be identical in all morphological and biochemical characteristics. The description of the genus Acetivibrio is emended as originally described by I. M. Robinson and A. E. Ritchie (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:333-338, 1981) to include anaerobic, gram-negative, straight to slightly curved rods that produce mainly acetic acid, ethanol, H2 and CO2 and that are motile by means of a single flagellum or multiple flagella. It is proposed that A. cellulosolvens BASTbe correctly classified as A. cellulolyticus.
-
-
-
Acetobacter methanolicus sp. nov., an Acidophilic Facultatively Methylotrophic Bacterium
More LessA new species, Acetobacter methanolicus, is described. The strains investigated were isolated from sludge and from a yeast fermentation process in which methanol was the sole source of carbon and energy. A total of about 140 phenotypic features were tested. The strains proved to be acidophilic and facultatively methylotrophic, and they differed from other Acetobacter species by growing well on methanol, glucose, gluconate, 2,3-butanediol, and caproic acid as sole sources of carbon and energy. Ethanol was “overoxidized” only at initial concentrations of <0.5%. Lactate was oxidized very weakly, but it was not utilized as a sole carbon source for growth. Yeast extract or pantothenic acid was essential for growth. The specific epithet of the proposed new species refers to its isolation from media in which methanol was the sole source of carbon. The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of type strain MB58 (= IMET 10945) is 62.3 mol% guanine plus cytosine.
-
-
-
Inter- and Intrageneric Similarities of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Cistrons of the Neisseriaceae
More LessFilter-fixed deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from organisms of the Neisseriaceae and from two unpigmented, psychrophilic, misnamed “Achromobacter” strains were hybridized with labeled ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055T(T = type strain), Alteromonas macleodii ATCC 27126T, Escherichia coli B, Pasteurella multocida NCTC 10322T, Actinobacillus lignieresii NCTC 4189T, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802T, Pseudomonas fluorescens MMCA 40T, Deleya aquamarina NCMB 557, Marinomonas vaga ATCC 27119T, Xanthomonas campestris NCPPB 528T, Alcaligenes denitrificans ATCC 15173T, Pseudomonas solanacearum NCPPB 325T, Pseudomonas acidovorans ATCC 15668T, Alcaligenes faecalis NCIB 8156T, Janthinobacterium lividum NCTC 9796T, Chromobacterium violaceum NCTC 9757T, Acetobacter aceti NCIB 8621T, Agrobacterium tumefaciens ICPB TTIII, and Rhizobium meliloti NZP 4009. The results revealed that the present members of the Neisseriaceae are genetically very heterogeneous. This family contains at least five unrelated groups. One group is located in rRNA superfamily III (containing the Pseudomonas acidovorans complex, Alcaligenes, Janthinobacterium, etc.) and includes the “true neisseriae,” Kingella kingae, and Kingella denitrificans. The present emended family Neisseriaceae should be limited to these organisms. Its closest genetic relative is Chromobacterium. Another group, formed by Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Branhamella, the “false neisseriae,” and the misnamed achromobacters, should be removed from the Neisseriaceae; it is somewhat related to organisms belonging to rRNA superfamily II (containing the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex, Marinomonas, etc.). Kingella indologenes does not belong to either of these groups and is situated between rRNA superfamily I (containing the Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, etc.) and rRNA superfamily II. Moraxella urethralis and Moraxella anatipestifer are not at all related to other members of the genus Moraxella.
-
-
-
Mycobacterium moriokaense sp. nov., a Rapidly Growing, Nonphotochromogenic Mycobacterium
More LessA new species of rapidly growing, nonphotochromogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium moriokaense, is described. This taxon commonly occurs in the soil and may have been erroneously identified previously as Mycobacterium fortuitum. M. moriokaense can be differentiated from all previously described species of mycobacteria. The type strain is strain ATCC 43059 (= NCH E11715).
-
-
-
Notes: Pseudomonas lundensis, a New Bacterial Species Isolated from Meat
More LessWe propose the name Pseudomonas lundensis for a new species of gram-negative, polarly flagellated, chemoorganotrophic, rod-shaped bacteria that were isolated from refrigerated meat. Strains of P. lundensis are capable of respiratory but not fermentative metabolism; they grow at 0°C, produce fluorescent pigments, catalase, and cytochrome c oxidase, and possess an arginine dihydrolase system. The mean guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of 12 strains was 59.1 mol% (standard deviation, 0.7 mol%). Numerical phenotypic studies performed with 60 strains and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with 12 strains (data separately published) revealed a tight phenotypic and genotypic cluster. P. lundensis is related to Pseudomonas fragi and the Pseudomonas fluorescens DNA-DNA homology group, and characteristics which differentiate these organisms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are given. The type strain is strain 138 of Molin and Ternström (= 573 = CCM 3503); it was isolated from beef and has a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 60 mol %.
-
-
-
Transfer of Pasteurella ureae Jones 1962 to the Genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910: Actinobacillus ureae comb. nov.
R. Mutters, S. Pohl and W. MannheimBecause deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization has shown that the species Pasteurella ureae belongs to the genus Actinobacillus Brumpt 1910, we propose the transfer of P. ureae to the genus Actinobacillus under the new combination Actinobacillus ureae. The type strain of A. ureae is strain S. D. Henriksen 3520/59 (= ATCC 25976 = NCTC 10219).
-
-
-
Genetic Relatedness between the Type Strain of Streptococcus anginosus and Minute-Colony-Forming Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci Carrying Different Lancefield Grouping Antigens
More LessThe taxonomic relationships among Streptococcus anginosus type strain NCTC 10713, beta-hemolytic streptococci belonging to serological groups A, C, G, and F, and related organisms were determined by using deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization (S1 nuclease method), deoxyribonucleic acid base composition, and conventional biochemical tests. Minute-colony-forming beta-hemolytic streptococci which carry various Lancefield grouping antigens (antigens A, C, F, and G) or none of the known group antigens were closely related genetically and biochemically to the type strain of the S. anginosus, which carries group G antigen.
-
-
-
Designation of the Neotype Strain for Campylobacter sputorum (Prévot) Véron and Chatelain 1973
More LessCampylobacter sputorum biovar sputorum ATCC 35980 is designated the neotype strain of the species.
-
-
-
Reclassification of Bacteroides termitidis Sebald (Holdeman and Moore) in a New Genus Sebaldella, as Sebaldella termitidis comb. nov.
More LessBacteroides termitidis (Sebald) differs so much from the type species of the genus Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis (Castellani and Chalmers), that it should not be retained within this genus. On the basis of biochemical, chemical, and genetic criteria, we propose that Bacteroides termitidis be reclassified in a new genus, Sebaldella, as Sebaldella termitidis comb. nov., the type species of the genus. The type strain of S. termitidis is strain NCTC 11300 (= ATCC 33386).
-
-
-
Nomenclature of Prochloron didemni (Lewin 1977) sp. nov., nom. rev., Prochloron (Lewin 1976) gen. nov., nom. rev., Prochloraceae fam. nov., Prochlorales ord. nov., nom. rev. in the class Photobacteria Gibbons and Murray 1978
More LessWe propose that the photosynthetic procaryotes containing chlorophylls a and b in the species Prochloron didemni sp. nov., genus Prochloron gen. nov., be placed under the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria by including the genus Prochloron in the family Prochloraceae fam. nov., order Prochlorales ord. nov. in the class Photobacteria Gibbons and Murray 1978, listed on the approved lists of bacterial names.
-
- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
-
-
-
Actions of the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology on Requests for Opinions Published in 1983 and 1984
More LessSeven requests for opinions were published in 1983 and 1984. Five of these, requesting replacement of the type strain of Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinum, requesting rejection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subsp. pestis and conservation of Yersinia pestis, requesting a change in the type of Pasteuria ramosa, and requesting conservation of the genera Methanococcus and Methanosarcina with new type species, have been awarded. Two others, one requesting a change in the type strain of Listeria monocytogenes and the other requesting conservation of the genus Micropolyspora over Faenia, have been denied.
-
-
-
Proposals to Emend the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
The Rules Revision Committee of the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology gives notice of two proposals to emend the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
-
Volumes and issues
-
Volume 74 (2024)
-
Volume 73 (2023)
-
Volume 72 (2022 - 2023)
-
Volume 71 (2020 - 2021)
-
Volume 70 (2020)
-
Volume 69 (2019)
-
Volume 68 (2018)
-
Volume 67 (2017)
-
Volume 66 (2016)
-
Volume 65 (2015)
-
Volume 64 (2014)
-
Volume 63 (2013)
-
Volume 62 (2012)
-
Volume 61 (2011)
-
Volume 60 (2010)
-
Volume 59 (2009)
-
Volume 58 (2008)
-
Volume 57 (2007)
-
Volume 56 (2006)
-
Volume 55 (2005)
-
Volume 54 (2004)
-
Volume 53 (2003)
-
Volume 52 (2002)
-
Volume 51 (2001)
-
Volume 50 (2000)
-
Volume 49 (1999)
-
Volume 48 (1998)
-
Volume 47 (1997)
-
Volume 46 (1996)
-
Volume 45 (1995)
-
Volume 44 (1994)
-
Volume 43 (1993)
-
Volume 42 (1992)
-
Volume 41 (1991)
-
Volume 40 (1990)
-
Volume 39 (1989)
-
Volume 38 (1988)
-
Volume 37 (1987)
-
Volume 36 (1986)
-
Volume 35 (1985)
-
Volume 34 (1984)
-
Volume 33 (1983)
-
Volume 32 (1982)
-
Volume 31 (1981)
-
Volume 30 (1980)
-
Volume 29 (1979)
-
Volume 28 (1978)
-
Volume 27 (1977)
-
Volume 26 (1976)
-
Volume 25 (1975)
-
Volume 24 (1974)
-
Volume 23 (1973)
-
Volume 22 (1972)
-
Volume 21 (1971)
-
Volume 20 (1970)
-
Volume 19 (1969)
-
Volume 18 (1968)
-
Volume 17 (1967)
-
Volume 16 (1966)
-
Volume 15 (1965)
-
Volume 14 (1964)
-
Volume 13 (1963)
-
Volume 12 (1962)
-
Volume 11 (1961)
-
Volume 10 (1960)
-
Volume 9 (1959)
-
Volume 8 (1958)
-
Volume 7 (1957)
-
Volume 6 (1956)
-
Volume 5 (1955)
-
Volume 4 (1954)
-
Volume 3 (1953)
-
Volume 2 (1952)
-
Volume 1 (1951)