- Volume 42, Issue 1, 1992
Volume 42, Issue 1, 1992
- Original Papers Relating To Systematic Bacteriology
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Application of Multivariate Analyses of Enzymic Data to Classification of Members of the Actinobacillus-Haemophilus-Pasteurella Group
More LessOuter membrane vesicles and fragments from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Actinobacillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus ureae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida were isolated and examined semiquantitatively for 19 enzyme activities by using the API ZYM micromethod. The enzyme contents of vesicles and fragments were compared with the enzyme contents of whole cells of the same organisms. Enzymic data were analyzed by using principal-component analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy. This technique allowed us to distinguish among the closely related organisms A. actinomycetemcomitans, H. aphrophilus, and H. paraphrophilus. A. actinomycetemcomitans was divided into two groups of strains. A. lignieresii fell outside or on the border of the A. actinobacillus class. A. ureae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, P. haemolytica, and P. multocida fell outside the A. actinomycetemcomitans, H. aphrophilus, and H. paraphrophilus classes.
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Identification of Xenobiotic-Degrading Isolates from the Beta Subclass of the Proteobacteria by a Polyphasic Approach Including 16S rRNA Partial Sequencing
More LessNineteen gram-negative, aerobic, biodegradative isolates were identified by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The presence of the specific polyamine 2-hydroxyputrescine and the presence of a ubiquinone with eight isoprenoid units in the side chain (ubiquinone Q-8) allowed allocation of these organisms to the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria. On the basis of the results of additional characterization experiments (i.e., API 20NE tests, determinations of soluble protein patterns, and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments), we classified six isolates as either Comamonas testosteroni, Comamonas acidovorans, or Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans. By using the same criteria we allocated two additional isolates to the genus Alcaligenes. A comparison of a 16S rRNA fragment (positions 1220 to 1377; Escherichia coli nomenclature) indicated that the remaining isolates should be allocated as follows: One is a member of C. testosteroni and one is a member of Acidovorax facilis, as confirmed by the results of additional DNA-DNA hybridizations; two others probably belong to the family Alcaligenaceae; six are related to “Alcaligenes eutrophus”; and one, strain NRRL 12228, occupies an isolated position.
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Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a Microaerophilic Helical Bacterium with a Novel Ultrastructure Isolated from the Intestinal Mucosa of Rodents
Helical organisms with novel ultrastructural characteristics were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of rats and mice. These bacteria were characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 periplasmic fibers which appeared as concentric helical ridges on the surface of each cell. The cells were motile with a rapid corkscrewlike motion and had bipolar tufts of 10 to 14 sheathed flagella. The bacteria were microaerophilic, nutritionally fastidious, and physiologically similar to Helicobacter species and Wolinella succinogenes but could be differentiated from these organisms by their unique cellular ultrastructure. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we found that strain ST1T (T = type strain) was related to previously described Helicobacter species, “Flexispira rappini,” and W. succinogenes. The closest relatives of strain ST1T were Helicobacter mustelae and “F. rappini” (average similarity value, 96%). On the basis of phylogenetic data, strain ST1T (= ATCC 49282T) represents a new species of the genus Helicobacter, for which we propose the name Helicobacter muridarum.
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Analysis of Bacteriolytic Activity Patterns, a Novel Approach to the Taxonomy of Enterococci
More LessThe bacteriolytic activities of different group D streptococcal species on various media and substrates were studied. Our results showed that all of the enterococcal species which we tested had bacteriolytic activity on at least one of the media used, while the group D nonenterococcal species had no such activity. In addition, using culture media containing different additives and different pH values, we defined seven major groups of bacteriolytic activity (lyogroups), each of which overlapped with one species (four lyogroups), two species (two lyogroups), or four species (one lyogroup). The detection of enterococcal lyogroups proved to be as reliable for species identification as the conventional methods presently in use.
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Intra- and Intergeneric Relationships of the Genus Aquaspirillum: Prolinoborus, a New Genus for Aquaspirillum fasciculus, with the Species Prolinoborus fasciculus comb. nov.
B. Pot, A. Willems, M. Gillis and J. De LeyA comprehensive study of the intra- and intergeneric relationships of Aquaspirillum species in which we used DNA-rRNA hybridization is described. Radioactively labeled rRNAs from Aquaspirillum anulus, A. serpens biovar bengal, A. delicatum, A. gracile, A. metamorphum, A. sinuosum, and several other organisms were hybridized with filter-fixed DNAs from representative strains of the genus Aquaspirillum and many other possibly related genera of gram-negative bacteria. Our results show that the genus Aquaspirillum is very heterogeneous and should be restricted to A. serpens, the type species, including A. serpens biovar serpens and A. serpens biovar bengal. DNA-DNA hybridization data showed that A. serpens biovar bengal exhibits only 55 to 60% binding with A. serpens biovar serpens strains. A. fasciculus, the only rod-shaped organism of the genus, is the only other Aquaspirillum species located on the A. serpens rRNA branch. With differences in the midpoint temperatures of thermal denaturation curves of the DNA-rRNA hybrids of more than 6°C, differences in genomic DNA G+C contents of 11 to 16 mol%, and a phenotype which differs from the phenotypes of all other Aquaspirillum species, A. fasciculus is a member of a different genus, for which we propose the name Prolinoborus fasciculus gen. nov., comb. nov. A. anulus, A. aquaticum, A. autotrophicum, A. delicatum, A. dispar, A. giesbergeri, A. gracile, A. itersonii, A. metamorphum, A. peregrinum, A. polymorphum, A. psychrophilum, A. putridiconchylium, and A. sinuosum should also be removed from the genus Aquaspirillum on the basis of phylogenetic data; these organisms form at least 10 distinct groups that are intermingled phylogenetically with the gram-negative bacteria belonging to rRNA superfamilies III and IV. Although DNA-rRNA hybridization results clearly reveal that the genus Aquaspirillum is a very heterogeneous taxon, no phenotypic information is available to differentiate the various phylogenetic branches of the aquaspirilia. Moreover, most of the species descriptions were based on only one or a few strains. Therefore, we will not propose nomenclatural changes until (i) sufficient readily determinable phenotypic characteristics are available and (ii) more strains have been isolated and investigated.
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Towards a Phylogeny of the Genus Vibrio Based on 16S rRNA Sequences
More LessThe inter- and intrageneric relationships of the genus Vibrio were investigated by performing a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNAs of 10 species, including four pathogenic representatives. The results of immunological and 5S rRNA studies were confirmed in that the genus is a neighboring taxon of the family Enterobacteriaceae. With regard to the intrageneric structure, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio campbellii, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio proteolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus form the core of the genus, while Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum, Vibrio diazotrophicus, and Vibrio hollisae are placed on the outskirts of the genus. Variable regions around positions 80, 180, and 450 could be used as target sites for genus- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes and polymerase chain reaction primers to be used in molecular identification.
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Clavibacter toxicus sp. nov., the Bacterium Responsible for Annual Ryegrass Toxicity in Australia
More LessThe Clavibacter sp. associated with annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) in Australia has been reported to differ from other Clavibacter spp. in serological properties, allozyme electrophoretic mobility, bacteriophage sensitivity, and adhesion to nematodes (Anguina spp.). To clarify its taxonomic position, eight strains of the ARGT Clavibacter sp. were compared with strains of Arthrobacter ilicis, Clavibacter iranicum, Clavibacter michiganense, Clavibacter rathayi, Clavibacter tritici, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, and Rhodococcus fascians. The ARGT strains were distinguishable from the other bacteria on the basis of the results of a range of biochemical tests. DNA base composition, growth factor requirements, and growth rates were also determined. A new species, Clavibacter toxicus, is proposed, with type strain CS14 (= ICMP 9525 = NCPPB 3552).
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Listeria ivanovii subsp. londoniensis subsp. nov.
An analysis of 23 Listeria ivanovii strains in which we used multilocus enzyme electrophoresis at 18 enzyme loci showed that this bacterial species could be divided into two main genomic groups. The results of DNA-DNA hybridizations and rRNA gene restriction patterns confirmed this finding. The DNA homology data suggested that the two genomic groups represent two subspecies, L. ivanovii subsp. ivanovii and L. ivanovii subsp. londoniensis subsp. nov. The two subspecies can be distinguished biochemically on the basis of the ability to ferment ribose and N-acetyl-β-d-mannosamine. The type strain of L. ivanovii subsp. londoniensis is strain CLIP 12229 (=CIP 103466).
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Taxonomic Study of the Genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium nesterenkovii sp. nov.
More LessA new species, Brachybacterium nesterenkovii, is proposed for a group of coryneform bacteria that were isolated from milk products. These organisms have morphological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic characteristics that are peculiar to the genus Brachybacterium. In contrast to strains of the only previously described species of the genus, Brachybacterium faecium, the representatives of the new species lack glycine in their peptidoglycan, although the peptidoglycan is of the same general type, and have large amounts of rhamnose in their cells. The strains of B. nesterenkovii exhibit no serological relationship with strains of B. faecium; in a numerical phenotypic analysis the two species were easily separated and formed clear-cut clusters. DNA-DNA hybridization between the type strains of B. faecium and B. nesterenkovii showed a level of homology of 22%. Strain 35 (= IMV Ac-752) is the type strain of B. nesterenkovii.
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Alloiococcus otitis gen. nov., sp. nov., an Organism from Human Middle Ear Fluid
More LessThe partial 16S rRNA sequence of an unknown bacterium that was originally isolated from middle ear fluids of children with persistent otitis media was determined by reverse transcription. A comparison of this sequence with sequences from other gram-positive species having low guanine-plus-cytosine contents revealed that this bacterium represents a new line of descent, for which the name Alloiococcus otitis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is strain NCFB 2890.
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Transfer of Pseudomonas aminovorans (den Dooren de Jong 1926) to Aminobacter gen. nov. as Aminobacter aminovorans comb. nov. and Description of Aminobacter aganoensis sp. nov. and Aminobacter niigataensis sp. nov.
More LessWe compared non-methane-, non-methanol-, and methylamine-utilizing bacteria, including Pseudomonas aminovorans, a tetramethylammonium-utilizing bacterium, and an N-N-dimethylformamide-utilizing bacterium. These bacteria are gram-negative, nonsporeforming, subpolarly flagellated, rod-shaped organisms. Reproduction occurs by budding. The DNA base compositions are 62 to 64 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The cellular fatty acids contain a large amount of C18:1 acid. The major hydroxy acid is 3-OH C12:0 acid. The major ubiquinone is ubiquinone Q-10. These bacteria are clearly separated from authentic Pseudomonas species (Pseudomonas fluorescens rRNA group) on the basis of utilization of methylamine, morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, DNA-DNA homology, and rRNA-DNA homology. They were divided into three subgroups on the basis of their physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA homology data. A new genus, Aminobacter, and three new species, Aminobacter aminovorans comb. nov., Aminobacter aganoensis sp. nov., and Aminobacter niigataensis sp. nov., are proposed. The type species of Aminobacter gen. nov. is A. aminovorans, with type strain JCM 7852. The type strain of A. aganoensis is strain TH-3 (= JCM 7854), and the type strain of A. niigataensis is strain DM-81 (= JCM 7853).
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Phylogeny of Fast-Growing Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobia Supports Synonymy of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium and Assignment to Rhizobium fredii
More LessWe determined the sequences for a 260-base segment amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (corresponding to positions 44 to 337 in the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA sequence) from seven strains of fast-growing soybean-nodulating rhizobia (including the type strains of Rhizobium fredii chemovar fredii, Rhizobium fredii chemovar siensis, Sinorhizobium fredii, and Sinorhizobium xinjiangensis) and broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. strain NGR 234. These sequences were compared with the corresponding previously published sequences of Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Azorhizobium caulinodans, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. All of the sequences of the fast-growing soybean rhizobia, including strain NGR 234, were identical to the sequence of R. meliloti and similar to the sequence of R. leguminosarum. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings; we concluded that the fast-growing soybean-nodulating rhizobia belong in the genus Rhizobium and should be called Rhizobium fredii.
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Staphylococcus muscae, a New Species Isolated from Flies
A new coagulase-negative species of the genus Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus muscae, is described on the basis of the results of a study of four strains that were isolated from flies. 16S rRNA sequences of the type strains of S. muscae, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and Staphylococcus sciuri were determined and used, together with the corresponding sequences of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, for a comparative analysis. The new species is characterized taxonomically; this species is differentiated from the other novobiocin-susceptible staphylococci by its physiological and biochemical activities, cell wall composition, and levels of genetic relatedness. The type strain of this species is strain MB4 (= CCM 4175).
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Sphingobacterium antarcticus sp. nov., a Psychrotrophic Bacterium from the Soils of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica
Two pure cultures of bacteria isolated from soil samples collected in Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica, conformed to the definition of the genus Sphingobacterium. They differed from all of the known species of Sphingobacterium in being psychrotrophic. The G+C contents of the DNA of the two strains were found to be 39.3 and 40.3 mol%, and DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicated 7% homology with S. multivorum and S. spiritivorum. The name Sphingobacterium antarcticus sp. nov. is proposed for the two Antarctic strains. The type strain is 4BY (MTCC 675), and it has been deposited with the Microbial Type Culture Collection, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
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Transfer of Several Phytopathogenic Pseudomonas Species to Acidovorax as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae subsp. nov., comb. nov., Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae, and Acidovorax konjaci
More LessDNA-rRNA hybridizations, DNA-DNA hybridizations, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins, and a numerical analysis of carbon assimilation tests were carried out to determine the relationships among the phylogenetically misnamed phytopathogenic taxa Pseudomonas avenae, Pseudomonas rubrilineans, “Pseudomonas setariae,” Pseudomonas cattleyae, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli, and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. konjaci. These organisms are all members of the family Comamonadaceae, within which they constitute a separate rRNA branch. Only P. pseudoalcaligenes subsp. konjaci is situated on the lower part of this rRNA branch; all of the other taxa cluster very closely around the type strain of P. avenae. When they are compared phenotypically, all of the members of this rRNA branch can be differentiated from each other, and they are, as a group, most closely related to the genus Acidovorax. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that these organisms constitute two genotypic groups. We propose that the generically misnamed phytopathogenic Pseudomonas species should be transferred to the genus Acidovorax as Acidovorax avenae and Acidovorax konjaci. Within Acidovorax avenae we distinguished the following three subspecies: Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae, and Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Emended descriptions of the new taxa are presented.
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Piscirickettsia salmonis gen. nov., sp. nov., the Causative Agent of an Epizootic Disease in Salmonid Fishes †
More LessA novel intracellular pathogen morphologically similar to the ehrlichiae has been isolated in cell culture and identified as the cause of an epizootic disease of salmonid fish. Like the ehrlichiae, the salmonid pathogen, designated strain LF-89, replicates within membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles in host cells. This agent is the first with characteristics of this type to be isolated from a fish. Analysis of the LF-89 16S rRNA indicated that, unlike the ehrlichiae, LF-89 is a gamma proteobacterium distantly related to Coxiella burnetii and perhaps Wolbachia persica. A new genus and species (Piscirickettsia salmonis gen. nov., sp. nov.) are proposed for this organism, with ATCC(R) VR 1361 as the type strain.
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Antigenic and Genomic Relatedness among Ehrlichia risticii, Ehrlichia sennetsu, and Ehrlichia canis †
More LessAntigenic and genomic relatedness among Ehrlichia risticii, E. sennetsu, and E. canis was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting (immunoblotting) and DNA-DNA hybridization. E. risticii and E. sennetsu were serologically related, and their Western blot antigen profiles were nearly identical. Two antigens of E. sennetsu corresponding to the 28- and 51-kDa antigens of E. risticii were apparently larger than the E. risticii antigens, and the 55-kDa antigen of E. risticii appeared to be unique to this species. The 110-, 70-, and 44-kDa antigens of these two species were identical, as determined by the use of monospecific antibodies. DNA homology between these two species was high. On the other hand, E. canis was antigenically least reactive with the antisera to E. risticii and E. sennetsu. However, a dog convalescent-stage E. canis antiserum recognized antigens in the other two species which were different from those recognized by their homologous antisera. Similarly, homology between the DNA of E. canis and the DNAs of the other two species was very minimal. These results indicate that E. risticii and E. sennetsu are closely related both at the genomic and antigenic levels and that the relationship of these two species with E. canis is minimal.
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Marine Star-Shaped-Aggregate-Forming Bacteria: Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov.; Agrobacterium meteori sp. nov.; Agrobacterium ferrugineum sp. nov., nom. rev.; Agrobacterium gelatinovorum sp. nov., nom. rev.; and Agrobacterium stellulatum sp. nov., nom. rev. †
More LessTwo new species of aerobic, gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated or nonmotile marine bacteria usually forming star-shaped aggregates were isolated from northeastern Atlantic Ocean bottom sediments. These organisms resembled eight star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacterial species from the Baltic Sea originally ascribed to the genus Agrobacterium but not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names because of their questionable relationships to true agrobacteria. These two sets of star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria were compared by means of phenotypic data, DNA base compositions, DNA-DNA relatedness, and one-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of low-molecular-weight RNAs (5S rRNA and tRNA). According to the results of genotyping, the northeastern Atlantic Ocean isolates and three of the Baltic Sea species formed a group of closely related bacteria that could not be excluded from the genus Agrobacterium with certainty. Until more genotypic data are available, these five marine species are regarded as a distinct subdivision of the genus Agrobacterium consisting of Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov. (type strain, 1480T = DSM 5823T), A. meteori sp. nov. (type strain, 1513T = DSM 58241), A. ferrugineum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25652T), A. gelatinovorum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25655T), and A. stellulatum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend, (type strain, ATCC 15215T). “A. aggregatum” proved to be a later subjective synonym of A. stellulatum, which had priority. The remaining four Baltic Sea species, “A. agile,” “A. kieliense,” “A. luteum,” and “A. sanguineum,” could not be placed in the new subdivision of Agrobacterium.
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Electrophoretic Heterogeneity of Ribosomal Protein AT-L30 among Actinomycete Genera
More LessThe ribosomal proteins from 17 type strains of species belonging to various actinomycete genera were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. I detected a striking variability among certain ribosomal proteins (designated AT-L30 proteins) with respect to electrophoretic mobility in the first dimension. In contrast, such variability was not observed among ribosomal L30 proteins from other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Although actinomycete AT-L30 proteins from different taxa exhibited considerable heterogeneity in electrophoretic mobility, within each genus the proteins had a specific mobility characteristic. On the basis of this observation, the ribosomal AT-L30 proteins from 11 type strains of species belonging to the mycolic acid-containing genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Tsukamurella were analyzed. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of AT-L30 protein preparations from these strains, as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, revealed that the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Tsukamurella can be sharply separated from each other. My results are consistent with the previously discussed view that each of these genera merits separate genus status.
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Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of Ribosomal Protein AT-L30 from an Actinomycete Genus, Streptosporangium
More LessWe analyzed the ribosomal AT-L30 proteins from 11 type strains of species belonging to the genus Streptosporangium. The electrophoretic mobilities of the AT-L30 preparations from these strains, as determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed that they could be divided into three groups. The first group contained Streptosporangium viridogriseum, S. viridogriseum subsp. kofuense, and S. albidum, while the second group contained S. roseum, S. album, S. vulgare, S. nondiastaticum, S. fragile, S. violaceochromogenes, and S. amethystogenes. S. corrugatum was a member of the third group. These groups were completely consistent with Nonomura’s previous classification, which was based on morphological criteria. The results of partial amino acid sequencing of AT-L30 preparations from several representative strains strongly supported the hypothesis that each of the three groups of the genus Streptosporangium merits separate generic status.
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Taxonomic Status of Kitasatosporia, and Proposed Unification with Streptomyces on the Basis of Phenotypic and 16S rRNA Analysis and Emendation of Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943, 339AL
More LessSpecies classified within the genus Kitasatosporia share many of the phenotypic characteristics typical of streptomycetes. By using a probabilistic identification scheme, they were identified with Streptomyces exfoliatus cluster 5, a species group within Streptomyces. The four species studied hybridized with a 16S rRNA genus probe for Streptomyces spp., indicating a close relationship between the two genera. The kitasatosporias were resistant to selected polyvalent streptomycete phages tested. Quantitative analysis showed that meso-diaminopimelic acid varied from 49 to 89% in Kitasatosporia species and from 1 to 16% in Streptomyces species depending on growth conditions. On the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, it is proposed to reduce Kitasatosporia to synonymy with Streptomyces. As a result, the new names proposed are Streptomyces mediocidicus comb. nov., Streptomyces phosalacineus comb. nov., Streptomyces setae comb. nov., and Streptomyces griseolosporeus comb. nov., nom. nov.
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Phylogenetic Evidence for the Transfer of Eubacterium suis to the Genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces suis comb. nov.
More LessThe 16S rRNA primary structures of Eubacterium suis DSM 20639T (T = type strain) and Bifidobacterium bifidum DSM 20456T were determined by sequencing in vitro amplified rDNA. Sequence comparisons indicated that B. bifidum is moderately related to representatives of the genera Actinomyces and Mobiluncus. The closest relative of E. suis is Actinomyces pyogenes. E. suis and A. pyogenes are more closely related phylogenetically to one another than to the other Actinomyces species that have been investigated by using comparative 16S rRNA analysis. Therefore, we propose that E. suis should be transferred to the genus Actinomyces as Actinomyces suis comb. nov.
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How Close Is Close: 16S rRNA Sequence Identity May Not Be Sufficient To Guarantee Species Identity
More Less16S rRNA (genes coding for rRNA) sequence comparisons were conducted with the following three psychrophilic strains: Bacillus globisporus W25T (T = type strain) and Bacillus psychrophilus W16AT, and W5. These strains exhibited more than 99.5% sequence identity and within experimental uncertainty could be regarded as identical. Their close taxonomic relationship was further documented by phenotypic similarities. In contrast, previously published DNA-DNA hybridization results have convincingly established that these strains do not belong to the same species if current standards are used. These results emphasize the important point that effective identity of 16S rRNA sequences is not necessarily a sufficient criterion to guarantee species identity. Thus, although 16S rRNA sequences can be used routinely to distinguish and establish relationships between genera and well-resolved species, very recently diverged species may not be recognizable.
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Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a Single Species, Listeria grayi, with a Revised Description of Listeria grayi
More LessThe genomic relatedness between Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi was reevaluated by using DNA-DNA hybridization, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and rRNA restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The high levels of similarity observed between the strains of these two species confirmed the data published since 1973 and indicated that they should be considered members of a single species. On grounds of priority, the species should be named L. grayi.
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Spirochaeta thermophila sp. nov., an Obligately Anaerobic, Polysaccharolytic, Extremely Thermophilic Bacterium
More LessGrowth at temperatures of >60°C and utilization of polysaccharides have not been reported previously in members of the genus Spirochaeta. Two obligately anaerobic, extremely thermophilic (optimum temperature, 65°C) spirochetes were isolated from geographically distant thermal sites. These two isolates have chemoorganotrophic fermentative metabolism and grow on a variety of mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, including cellulose. The differences in pH and NaCl concentration optima between these organisms reflect the prevailing conditions at the sites from which they were isolated. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that the two strains exhibit a level of homology of 87%. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, their high level of homology with each other, and their extremely thermophilic and polysaccharolytic nature, we propose that these organisms should be included in the genus Spirochaeta as a new species, Spirochaeta thermophila; the type strain of this species is strain Z-1203 (= DSM 6578).
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Classification of Coryneform Bacteria Associated with Human Urinary Tract Infection (Group D2) as Corynebacterium urealyticum sp. nov.
More LessUrealytic strains of coryneform bacteria that are designated Corynebacterium group D2 and are isolated from human urine are a cause of urinary tract infections. Cell wall and lipid analyses confirmed that these organisms are members of the genus Corynebacterium but can be separated from other species in the genus on the basis of DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization values. Biochemically, strains in this taxon can be distinguished from other Corynebacterium spp. by their failure to produce acid from carbohydrates, by their failure to reduce nitrates, and by their ability to hydrolyze urea. We regard these bacteria as a new species of the genus Corynebacterium and propose the name Corynebacterium urealyticum. The type strain is strain NCTC 12011 (= ATCC 43042).
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NOTES: Base Composition of DNA from Selected Strains of the Cyanobacterial Genus Microcystis
More LessAverage DNA base compositions, as determined from 50% thermal denaturation temperatures and from buoyant densities, were 38, 41, 43, and 40 to 41 mol% G+C for Microcystis sp. strains P1-15, C5-34, AK1-6, and C3-40, respectively. These phenotypically similar organisms, which are representatives of the Microcystis cluster within the Synechocystis group of chroococcacean cyanobacteria, have a smaller range of DNA base compositions (38 to 43 mol% G+C) than the Synechocystis group as a whole does (30 to 48 mol% G+C). Because the DNA base ratios of the Microcystis cultures adjoin or overlap those of the low- and high-G+C-content clusters of the Synechocystis group, DNA base composition data do not differentiate the Microcystis cluster from these two Synechocystis clusters. By bridging the gap between the low- and high-G+C-content clusters of the Synechocystis group, the data for Microcystis create a continuum of DNA base ratios within the Synechocystis group and diminish the usefulness of G+C values for discerning clusters within the phenotypically heterogeneous Synechocystis group.
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Synonymy of Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986 and Cytophaga marina Reichenbach 1989 †
More LessThere are two validly published species names, Flexibacter maritimus Wakabayashi, Hikida, and Masumura 1986 (with strain NCMB 2154 as the type strain) and Cytophaga marina Reichenbach 1989 (with strain NCMB 2153 as type strain), for what is clearly the same organism. Both type strains were included in the original description of F. maritimus. The proposal of C. marina was intended as a new combination for “Flexibacter marinus,” a name that was never validly published but was used for the same organism for which F. maritimus was eventually proposed. F. maritimus clearly has priority.
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Rhodopseudomonas rutila Is a Later Subjective Synonym of Rhodopseudomonas palustris
More LessPhenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and DNA-DNA hybridization studies of strains of Rhodopseudomonas rutila Akiba et al. 1983 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris (Molisch 1907) van Niel 1944 demonstrated synonymy between the two species. We propose that they be classified into a single species, retaining the name R. palustris.
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Proposal To Change the Genus Designation Serpula to Serpulina gen. nov. Containing the Species Serpulina hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpulina innocens comb. nov.
More LessThe bacterial genus Serpula Stanton et al. 1991 is illegitimate due to the existence of a fungal genus Serpula Pers. ex S. F. Gray. Consequently, a new genus designation, Serpulina, is proposed for this spirochete genus. Serpula hyodysenteriae, the type species, and Serpula innocens Stanton et al. 1991, therefore, become Serpulina hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpulina innocens comb. nov.
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- Original Papers Relating To The Systematics Of Yeasts
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Feature Selection Approach for Diagnosis in Microbiology and Its Application to Yeast Species
More LessBy using mathematical logic and the fuzzy technique, we present an approach to the computation of optimal feature sets for diagnostic tests in microbiology. These sets of physiological and biochemical tests are suitable for differentiating all organisms belonging to a given group. Membership functions are defined which are able to reflect the time dependence of the test reaction states. The result is a suboptimal solution characterized by short feature sets of high diagnostic value. An application to Rhodotorula species is shown.
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- Matters Relating To The International Committee On Systematic Bacteriology
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Reinterpretation of the Taxonomic Position of Xanthomonas maltophilia and Taxonomic Criteria in This Genus
More LessThe inclusion of “Pseudomonas maltophilia” Hugh 1981 in the genus Xanthomonas as Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1981) Swings et al. 1983 is questioned in view of the significant differences between these two taxa. This reclassification is not acceptable if practical means of differentiation in this genus are considered. The proposed alteration of the description of the genus Xanthomonas is also questionable because of the implications for everyday phytobacteriology. In view of the natural similarities, as well as the profound differences, between X. maltophilia and the genus Xanthomonas, we propose that a new genus should be created for X. maltophilia, which could be placed together with the genus Xanthomonas in a separate natural group.
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- Minireview
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